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KIN 260 > Chapter 6 & 7 - Bone Tissue + Axial Skeleton > Flashcards

Chapter 6 & 7 - Bone Tissue + Axial Skeleton Flashcards

1
Q

Distinguish between **bone **as a **tissue **and as an organ

A

bone is composed of several different tissues working together: bone, cartilage, dense connective, epithelium, adipose & nervous tissue

therefore, each bone in your body is considered an **organ **

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2
Q

Functions of **Bone & Skeletal System **(6)

A

1) support - structural framework
2) protection - protects internal organs
3) assistance in movement - skeletal muscle contract & pull on bones to produce movement
4) mineral homeostasis (storage & release) - bone tissue stores mineral
5) blood cell production
6) **triglyceride storage **- yellow bone marrow consists of mainly adipose cells

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3
Q

**Structure of Bone (7) **

A

1) Diaphysis
2) Epiphyses
3) Metaphyses
4) articular cartilage
5) periosteum
6) medullary (marrow) cavity
7) Endosteum

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4
Q

1) Diaphysis

A

bone shaft or body

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5
Q

2) Epiphyses

A

proximal & distal ends of bone

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6
Q

3) Metaphyses

A

regions between diaphysis & epiphysis

contains epiphyseal (growth plate)

when bone stops growing in length ,cartilage in epiphyseal plate is replaced by bone - epiphyseal line

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7
Q

4) articular cartilage

A

thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering part of epiphysis where bone forms an articulation (joint) with another bone

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8
Q

5) periosteum

A

tough connective tissue sheath and its associated blood supply that surrounds bone surface wherever it is not covered by articular cartilage

outer fibrous layer & inner osteogenic layer

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9
Q

6) medullary (marrow) cavity

A

hollow, cylindrical space within diaphysis that contains fatty yellow bone marrow & humerus blood vessels in adults

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10
Q

7) Endosteum

A

thin membrane that lines medullary cavity

  • contains a single layer of bone‐forming cells and small amount of connective tissue.
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11
Q

Like other connective tissues, **bone (osseous tissue) **congtains an abundant ..?

A

extracellular matrix that surronds widely separated cells

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12
Q

**Extracellular Matrix **

made up of?

A

15% water

30% collagen fibers

55% crystallized mineral salts

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13
Q

The most abundant mineral salt in bone is?

A

calcium phosphate

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14
Q

calcification

A

calcium phosphate combines with calcium hydroxide to form hydroxyapatite

as crystals form, they combine with other mineral salts (calcium carbonate, Mg, F, K & sulfate ions)

as these mineral salts are deposited & crystalzie in framework formed by collagen fibers of ECM

initiated by **osteoblasts **(bone-building cells)

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15
Q

Calcification is initiated by?

A

**osteoblasts **- bone-building cells

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16
Q

Bone’s flexibility depends on?

A

collagen fibers

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17
Q

(4) types of cells present in bone tissue

A

1) osteogenic
2) osteoblasts
3) osteocytes

osteoclasts

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18
Q

osteogenic cells

A

Undergo cell division

the resulting cells develop into **osteoblasts **

(unspecialized bone stem cells)

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19
Q

osteoblasts

A

Bone-building cells

synthesize extracellular matrix of bone tissue

become osteocytes

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20
Q

Osteocytes

A

mature bone cells

exchange nutrients & wastes with blood

(main cells in bone, maintain daily metabolism)

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21
Q

Osteoclasts

A

huge cells derived from fusion of as many as 50 **monocytes **(type of white blood cell)

Release enzymes that digest the mineral components of bone matrix (resporption)

regulate blood calcium level

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22
Q

(2) categories of bone

A

1) compact

spongy

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23
Q

Compact bone

resists?

components?

these consist of?

A

Resists the stresses produced by weight and movement  Components of compact bone are arranged into repeating structural units called **osteons **(Haversian systems)

Osteons consist of a central (Haversian) canal

  • run longitudinally through bone
  • with concentrically arranged lamellae, lacunae, osteocytes, and canaliculi
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24
Q

Lamellae

A

part of osteon, concentric **lamallae **are around central canals

rings of calcified matrix (like rings of tree trunk)

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25
Q

Between the **Lamellae **are?

containing?

A

small spaces called **lacunae **which contain osteocytes

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26
Q

Canaliculi

what are they?

connect & form what?

purpose?

A

tiny canals radiating in all directions from **lacunae, **filled with extracellular fluid

  • connect **lacunae **& forming system of interconnected canals

provides route for nutrients & oxygen to reach osteocytes

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27
Q

The organization of osteons changes in response to ?

A

the physical demands placed on the skeleton

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28
Q

Spongy Bone

A
  • makes up most interior bone tissue
  • lacks osteons

**lamellae **are arranged in a lattice of thin columns called **trabeculae **which contain spaces (make bones lighter)

**trabeculae **support & protect red bone marrow

  • oriented around lines of stress (helps bones resist stresses without breaking)
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29
Q

**hematopoiesis **

A

blood cell production

occurs in spongy bone

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30
Q

**Lacunae **in spongy bone

A

**Lacunae **are within each trabecula

contain osteocytes that are nourished from blood circulating through trabeculae

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31
Q

Bone is richly supplied with blood.

Where are blood vessels found in bone?

A

especially abundant in portions of bone containing red bone marrow and pass into bones from periosteum.

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32
Q

**Periosteal **arteries

A

accompanied by nerves

enter diaphysis through canals

supply the periosteum and compact bone

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33
Q

Nutrient artery

A

passes through ole in compact bone **(nutrient foramen) **

upon entering **medullary cavity, **divides into proximal & distal branches that supply inner part of compact bone tissue of diaphysis & spongy bone tissue & red bone marrow

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34
Q

Veins that carry blood away from long bones

A

1) nutrient veins (exit through diaphysis)
2) epiphyseal & metaphyseal veins (exit through epiphyses)
3) periosteal veins (exit through periosteum)

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35
Q

Nerves accompany the blood vessels that supply bones.

The ___ _is rich in sensory nerves sensitive to tearing or tension

A

periosteum

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36
Q

process by which bone is formed

A

ossification (osteogenesis)

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37
Q

Bone formation occurs in four situations:

A

1) Formation of bone in an embryo
2) Growth of bones until adulthood
3) Remodeling of bone
4) Repair of fractures

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38
Q

Formation of Bone in an Embryo

A

cartilage formation and **ossification **occurs during 6th week of embryonic development

follows one of 2 patterns

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39
Q

(2) patterns of bone formation in an embryo

A

1) Intramembranous ossification
2) Endochondrial ossification

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40
Q

1) Intramembranous ossification

A

Flat bones of skull and mandible are formed in this way

  • “Soft spots” that help fetal skull pass through birth canal later become ossified forming skull
    1) develop ossification center - mesenchymal cells cluster at stop of bone development, differentiate into osteogenic then osteoblasts which secrete ECM
    2) calcification - osteoblasts become osteocytes extend into canaliculi, mineral salts harden
    3) formation of trabeculae - as ECM forms it develops into trabeculaw that fuse together around network of blood vessels in tissue (connective tissue associated with blood veseels differentiates into red bone marrow)
    4) development of periosteum
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41
Q

2) Endochondrial ossification

A

The replacement of cartilage by bone

Most bones of the body are formed in this way including long bones

1) **development of cartilage model - **mesenchymal cells develop into chondroblaste that secrete cartilage ECM
2) growth of cartilage model - chondroblasts become deeply buried in ECM (chondrocytes)
3) development of primary ossification center
4) development of medullary cavity
5) development of 2ndary ossification centers
6) formation of articular cartilage & epiphyseal (growth) plate)

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42
Q

Bone Growth During Infancy, Childhood and Adolescence

A

bones throughout body grow in **thickness **by **appositional growth - **deposition of ECM on cartilage surface of model by new chondroblasts that develop from perichondrium

long bones **lengthen **by addition of bone material on diaphyseal side of epiphyseal plate by interstitial growth (endogenous)

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43
Q

Growth in **Length **of long bones involves (2) major events

A

1) interstitial growth of cartilage on epiphyseal side of epiphyseal plate
2) replacement of cartilage on diaphyseal side of epiphyseal plate by bone tissue

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44
Q

Growth in Length

A

**osteoclasts **dissolve the calcified cartilage, and **osteoblasts **invade area laying down bone matrix (replacing calcified cartilage)

activity of the **epiphyseal plate **is the way bone can increase in length

At adulthood, the epiphyseal plates close and bone replaces all cartilage leaving a bony structure called the epiphyseal line

45
Q

Growth in Thickness

A

Bones grow in thickness at the outer surface (appositional growth)

as new bone is deposited on outer surface of bone by osteoblasts, bone tissue lining medullary cavity is destroyed by **osteoclasts **in endosteum

46
Q

** Remodeling of Bone **

A

Bone forms before birth and continually renews itself

ongoing replacement of old bone tissue by new bone tissue

involves **bone resorption **- removal of mineral & collagen fibers from bone by osteoclasts

& **bone deposition - **addition of mineral & collagen fibers to bone by osteoblasts

47
Q

The human skeleton consists of _________named bones

A

206

48
Q

Bones of the skeleton are grouped into (2) principal divisions:

A

1) Axial skeleton
2) Appendicular skeleton

49
Q

Axial Skeleton

A

Consists of bones that lie around the longitudinal axis of the human body

Skull bones, auditory ossicles (ear bones), hyoid bone, ribs, sternum (breastbone), & bones of vertebral column

50
Q

Appendicular Skeleton

A

Consists of the bones of the upper and lower limbs (extremities), plus the bones forming the girdles that connect the limbs to the axial skeleton

51
Q

Bones can be classified into (5) types based on shape

A

1) long
2) short
3) flat
4) irregular
5) sesamoid

52
Q

Long Bones

A

Greater length than width and are slightly curved for strength

**Femur, tibia, fibula, humerus, ulna, radius, phalanges **

53
Q

Short Bones

A

cube-shaped & are nearly equal in length & width

**Carpal, tarsal **

54
Q

Thin Bones

A

Thin and composed of two nearly parallel plates of compact bone tissue enclosing a layer of spongy bone tissue

**Cranial, sternum, ribs, scapulae **

55
Q

Irregular Bones

A

complex shapes & cannot be grouped into any of the previous categories

**Vertebrae, hip bones, some facial bones, calcaneus **

56
Q

Sesamoid Bones

A

Protect tendons from excessive wear and tear

** Patellae, foot, hand **

57
Q

Sutural Bones

A

classified by location rather than shape

**small bones **located in sutures of cranial bones

58
Q

Bone **Surface Markings **

A

Structural features adapted for specific functions

59
Q

(2) major types of surface markings:

A

1) depressions & openings
2) processes

60
Q

1) depressions & openings

A

Allow the passage of blood vessels and nerves or form joints

61
Q

2) processes

A

Projections or outgrowths that form joints or serve as attachment points for ligaments and tendons

62
Q

Skull (cranium) consists of ___ bones

A

22

63
Q

Bones of skull are grouped into (2) categories

A

1) Cranial bones
2) Facial bones

64
Q

1) Cranial bones

how many?

what do they form?

what are they?

A

8 cranial bones form cranial cavity

frontal bone, 2 parietal bones, 2 temporal bones, occipital bone, sphenoid bone, ethmoid bone

65
Q

2) Facial Bones

A

14 facial bones form face

2 nasal bones, 2 maxillae, 2 zygomatic, mandible, 2 lacrimal, 2 palatine, 2 inferior nasal conchae, vomer

66
Q

The cranial and facial bones protect and support special sense organs and the brain.

Besides the **cranial cavity, **the skull also forms (4) small cavities

A

1) nasal
2) orbits
3) paranasal sinuses
4) middle ear cavities

67
Q

Sutures

A

immovable joints that fuse most of the skull bones together

68
Q

Skull and facial bones provide _______________for muscles that produce facial expressions

The facial bones form the ____ of the face and provide __ for the entrances to the ____ and ____ systems

A

attachment

framework

support

digestive

respiratory

69
Q

Frontal Bone

A

forms forehead

70
Q

Parietal Bones

A

form sides & roof of cranial cavity

71
Q

Temporal Bones

A

Form the lateral aspects and floor of the **cranium **

72
Q

Occipital Bone

A

Forms the posterior part and most of the base of the cranium

73
Q

Sphenoid Bone

A

Lies at the middle part of the base of the skull

74
Q

Ethmoid Bone

located?

major supporting structure of?

contains?

A

Located on midline in anterior part of cranial floor medial to the orbits

major superior supporting structure of the nasal cavity

Contain thin projections called conchae which are lined by mucous membranes

Increased surface area in the nasal cavity helps to humidify inhaled air trapping inhaled particles

75
Q

Nasal Bones

A

forms bridge of nose

76
Q

Maxillae

A

form **upper jawbone **& most of hard palate

seperates nasal cavity from oral cavity

77
Q

Zygomatic Bones

A

cheekbones

form prominence of cheeks

78
Q

Lacrimal Bones

A

form part of medial wall of each orbit

79
Q

Palatine Bone

A

posterior portion of hard palate

80
Q

Inferior Nasal Conchae

A

form part of inferior lateral wall of nasal cavity

81
Q

Vomer

A

forms inferior portion of nasal septum

82
Q

Mandible

A

lower jawbone

largest strongest facial bne

only movable skull bone

83
Q

Nasal Septum

A

Divides interior of the nasal cavity into right and left sides

“Broken nose,” in most cases, refers to septal damage rather than the nasal bones themselves

84
Q

Orbit

A

eye socket

85
Q

Foramina

A

Openings for blood vessels , nerves , or ligaments of the skull

86
Q

Unique Features of the Skull

A

sutures paranasal sinuses, fontanels

87
Q

Paranasal Sinuses

A

Cavities within cranial & facial bones near nasal cavity

Secretions produced by mucous membranes which line the sinuses, drain into the nasal cavity

Serve as resonating chambers that intensify and prolong sounds

88
Q

Fontanels

A

areas of unossified mesenchyme tissue that develops into dense connective tissue of skull

“soft spots” that link cranial bones

eventually replaced with bone to become sutures

provide flexibility to fetal skull, allowing the skull to change shape as it passes through the birth canal

89
Q

Hyoid Bone

A

does not articulate with any other bone

supports tongue, providing attachment sites for some tongue muscles and for muscles of the neck and pharynx

helps to keep larynx (voice box) open at all times

90
Q

Vertebral Column (spine, backbone, spinal column)

functions to?

A

Protect the spinal cord

Support the head

Serve as a point of attachment for the ribs, pelvic girdle, and muscles

91
Q

vertebral column is curved to varying degrees in different locations

why?

A

to increase column strength

help maintain balance in upright position

absorbs shocks when walking

help protect vertebrae from fracture

92
Q

(3) conditions that may exagerate normal curve of vertebral column

A

1) kyphosis - forward curve
2) lordosis - backward curve
3) scoliosis - sideways

93
Q

**Vertebral Column **is composed of?

A

a series of bones called vertebrae

(26 in adults)

94
Q

Components of Vertebral Column

A

7 cervical vertebrae in neck region

12 thoracic vertebrae posterior to thoracic cavity

5 lumbar vertebrae support lower back

1 sacrum consists of 5 fused sacral vertebrae

1 coccyx consists of 4 fused coccygeal vertebrae

95
Q

Intervertebral Discs

found?

A

Found between the bodies of adjacent vertebrae

96
Q

Intervertebral Discs

function to?

A

Form strong joints

Permit various **movements **of the vertebral column

Absorb vertical shock

97
Q

Vertebrae typically consist of (3)

A

1) vertebral **body **(weight bearing)
2) vertebral **arch **(surrounds spinal cord)
3) several **processes **(points of attachment for muscles)

98
Q

Regions of the Vertebral Column

A

1) cervical region
2) thoracic region
3) lumbar region
4) sacrum
5) coccyx

99
Q

Cervical Region

A

Cervical Vertebrae (C1-C7)

The **atlas **(C1) is the 1st cervical vertebra

The **axis **(C2) is the 2nd cervical vertebra

100
Q

Thoracic Region

A

Thoracic Vertebrae (T1-T12)

Articulate with the ribs

101
Q

Lumbar Region

A

Lumbar vertebrae (L1–L5)

Provide for attachment of the large back muscles

102
Q

Sacrum

A

a triangular bone formed by union of 5sacral vertebrae (S1–S5)

  • Serves as a strong foundation for the pelvic girdle
103
Q

Coccyx

A

like the sacrum, triangular in shape

formed by fusion of 4 coccygeal vertebrae

104
Q

**Thorax **(entire chest region)

**Thoracic Cage **(skeletal part of thorax) is formed by?

A

sternum

ribs

costal cartilages

thoracic vertebrae

105
Q

Thorax functions to?

A

Enclose and protect the organs in the thoracic and abdominal cavities

Provide support for the bones of the upper limbs

Play a role in breathing

106
Q

Sternum

location?

consists of?

A

“Breastbone” located in the center of the thoracic wall

Consists of the manubrium, body, **xiphoid process **

107
Q

Ribs

A

** 12 pairs** of ribs give structural support to the sides of thoracic cavity

108
Q

Costal Cartilages

A

contribute to the elasticity of the thoracic cage

109
Q
A

KIN 260 (20 decks)

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