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KIN 260 > Chapter 14 - Brain & Cranial Nerves > Flashcards

Chapter 14 - Brain & Cranial Nerves Flashcards

1
Q

Development of brain

Three to four-week embryo:

A

forebrain (prosencephalon)

midbrain (mesencephalon)

hindbrain (rhombencephalon)

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2
Q

**Development of Brain **

5-week embryo

A

telencephalon (cerebrum)

diencephalon (thalamus, hypothalamus & epithalamus)

mesencephalon (midbrain)

metencephalon (**pons & **cerebellum)

myelencephalon (medulla oblongata).

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3
Q

Forebrain

Midbrain

Hindbrain

A

**Forebrain - **Cerebrum & Diecephalon (3)

**Midbrain **& cebral aqueduct

**Hindbrain - **pons & cerebellum + medulla

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4
Q

Brain stem

consists of?

A

continuation of spinal cord

consists of medulla oblongato, pons & midbrain

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5
Q

second largest part of the brain.

posterior to brain stem

A

Cerebellum

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6
Q

Diencephalon

A

superior to brain stem

gives rise to thalamus, hypothalamus & epithalamus

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7
Q

largest part of brain

A

cerebrum

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8
Q

cranial meninges

A

**dura mater - **2 layers (perieosteal & meningeal)

arachnoid mater

pia mater

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9
Q

(3) extensions of the dura mater separate parts of the brain:

A

**1) falx cerebri - **seperate the 2 cerebral hemispheres

**2) falx cerebelli - **seperate the 2 cerebellar hemispheres

**3) tentorium cerebelli - **seperate cerebrum from cerebellum

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10
Q

Extensions of the Dura Mater: Brain Blood Flow and the Blood-Brain Barrier

Brain receives approximately _____% of the total blood supply.
Internal __ & __ arteries carry blood to brain.
Internal _____veins return blood from the brain.

Blood-brain barrier (BBB) protects brain from?

A

20%

internal **carotid & vertebral **arteries - blood to brain

internal **jugular **veins return blood from brain

harmful substances.

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11
Q

Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

A

clear, colourless fluid that protects CNS from chemical & physical injuries, absorbs shock, helps transport nutrients & wastes from blood & nervous tissue

circulates through cavities in brain (**ventricles) & spinal cord (central canal) **& in subarachnoid space

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12
Q

Ventricles

(3) & cerebral aqueduct

A

CSF-filled cavities within the brain.

** 1 lateral ventricles - **in each hemisphere seperated byb septum pellucidum

**third ventricle - **along midline superior to hypothalamus

**cerebral aqueduct - **midbrain

fourth ventricle - between brain stem & cerebellum

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13
Q

CSF formation & circulation

A

formed in **choroid plexuses **of **lateral ventricles → **interventricular foramina → third ventricle → cerebral aqueduct (midbrain)→ 4rth ventricle → median aperture/lateral apertures (2) → subarachnoid space →central canal

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14
Q

Choroid plexus

A

networks of capillaries in the walls of the
ventricles.

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15
Q

Ventricles are lined by __ cells

A

ependymal

plasma is drawn from **choroid plexuses **through ependymal cells into ventricles to produce CSF

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16
Q

CSF is reabsorbed into blood by?

A

arachnoid villi - extensions of arachnoid that project into dural venous sinuses (sugerior sagittal sinnus)

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17
Q

Brain Stem (medulla, pons & midbrain) and Reticular Formation

Medulla Oblongata

A

continous with superior spinal cord

white matter tract contains all sensory & motor tracts between spinal cord & other parts of brain

white matter bulges on anterior - **pyramids **formed by large corticospinal tracts that pass from cerebrum to spinal cord

  • common site of decussation of tracts - crossing over
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18
Q

**Centers of the Medulla Oblongata **

A

Vital centers:

**cardiovascular **

**respiratory **

also includes centers for vomiting, swallowing, sneezing, coughing and **hiccupping. **

houses 5 pairs of cranial nerves (VIII-XII)

portion of 3rd ventricle found here

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19
Q

**Midbrain (mesencephalon) **

A

Extends from the pons to the **diencephalon. **
Part of the ventricle found here- **cerebral aqueduct - **connects 3rd & 4rth ventricle

anterior part contains **cerebral peduncles **

posterior part - **tectum **

superior colliculli, inferior colliculi & substantia nigra

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20
Q

**Cerebral Peduncles - **paired bundles of axons in anterior part of midbrain

consists of?

**Tectum **

A

axons of the corticospinal, corticopontine and
corticobulbar tracts.

Tectum- situated posteriorly and contains 4 rounded elevations: 2
superior ones called superior colliculi and 2 inferior ones called inferior colliculi

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21
Q

Midbrain:

Substantia Nigra

A

large area with dark pigments. Help control subconscious muscle activities.

Loss of neurons here is associated with Parkinson disease.

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22
Q

Redc Nucleus of Midbrain

A

: Help control voluntary movements of the limbs

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23
Q

Midbrain contains cranial nerves….

A

III-IV

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24
Q

Reticular Formation

A

Extends from upper part of spinal cord, throughout brain stem & into
lower part of diencephalon.

25
Q

Part of the reticular formation called the **Reticular activating System (RAS) **consists of?

A

consists of sensory axons that project to the cerebral cortex

S helps maintain consciousness.

26
Q

**Cerebellum **

vermis

**anterior & posterior **lobes

**flocculonodular **lobe

cerebellar cortex

arbor vitae

A

2nd largest part of brain

central constricted area = vermis

anterior and posterior lobes control subconscious aspects of skeletal movement.

flocculonodular lobe - equilibrium & balance

cerebellar cortex - gray matter in form of parallel folds called folia

**arbor vitae - **tracts of white matter

27
Q

**Cerebellar peduncles **

A

3 pairs - **superior, middle & inferior **

attach cerebellum to brain stem

functions:** coordinate movements, regulate posture & balance**

28
Q

Thalamus

A

**intermediate mass **joins right & left sides of thalamus

(7) major nuclei: anterior, medial, lateral, ventral, intralaminar, midline, reticular

major relay station for most impulse reaching primary sensory areas

transmits info from cerebellum & basal nuclei to primary motor area

29
Q

Hypothalamus

A

inferior to **thalamus **

consists of **mammillary body, median eminence, infundibulum, and # of nuclei. **

30
Q

Functions of the Hypothalamus

A

Control of the ANS

production of hormones

regulation of emotion & behavioral patterns, eating & drinking, body temp, circadian rhythms

31
Q

Epithalamus

A

small region superior to **thalamus **

consists of **pineal gland **that secretes **melatonin **which induces sleep

32
Q

Cerebrum

A

seat of intelligence

**cerebral cortex - **gray matter

**Gyri **

**Sulci **

longitudinal fissure

cerebral hemispheres

33
Q

Cerebrum

**Gyri **

**Sulci **

longitudinal fissure

cerebral hemispheres

A

**Gyri **- folds of cortical region

**Sulci - **shallow grooves between folds

**longitudinal fissure - **seperates cerebrum into right & left halves (contains falx cerebri)

**cerebral hemispheres- **connected internally by **corpus callosum **

34
Q

Lobes of the cerebrum (4)

A

frontal

parietal

temporal

occipital

35
Q

**Cerebral white matter **consists of ?

A

myelinated axons in (3) types of tracts

1) **association **

**2) commissural **

**3) projection **

36
Q

myelinated axons in (3) tracts of cerebral white matter

A

1) **association - **axons conduct nerve impulses between **gyri **in same hemisphere
2) **commissural - **axons conduct nerve impulses to corresponding gyri in opposite hemisphere

3 groups - corpus callosum, anterior & posterior commissure

3) **projection - **axons conduct nerve impulses from cerebrum to lower CNS (thalamus, brain stem & spinal cord)

37
Q

Basal Nuclei

A

(3) nuclei (masses of gray matter) deep within each cerebral hemisphere

**LENTIFORM NUCLEUS: **

***globus pallidus - **lateral to thalamus *

**putamen - **closer to cerebral cortex

**CAUDATE NUCLEUS **

corpus striatum = caudate + lentiform

38
Q

Basal Nuclei

functions

A

Help initiate and terminate movements, suppress unwanted movements & regulate muscle tone.

39
Q

Limbic system

A

A ring of structures on inner border of cerebrum and floor of diencephalon

  • emotional brain - governs emotional aspects of behavior*
  • also involved in olfaction & memory*
40
Q

Components of the **limbic system **

A

**Limbic lobe - **cingulate, parahippocampal gyrus & hippocampus

dentate gyrus

**amygdala **

**septal nuclei **

mammillary bodies

**anterior & medial nucleus **

**olfactory bulbs **

41
Q

Functional Organization of the Cerebral Cortex: **Sensory Areas **

**(5) **

A

Primary somatosensory area-
Primary visual area-
Primary auditory area-
Primary gustatory area-
Primary olfactory area-

42
Q

**Cerebrum **

central sulcus

precentral gyrus

postcentral gyrus

A

**central sulcus **- seperates frontal & parietal lobes

**precentral gyrus - frontal: **primary motor area

**postcentral gyrus - parietal: **primary somatosensory area

43
Q
  1. Primary somatosensory area- ___ gyrus.
  2. Primary visual area- ____________lobe.
  3. Primary auditory area- ____________lobe.
  4. Primary gustatory area- base of the __ gyrus.
  5. Primary olfactory area- ____________lobe
A
  1. postcentral gyrus
  2. occipital
  3. temporal
  4. **postcentral **gyrus
  5. temporal
44
Q

Functional Organization of Cerebral Cortex: **Motor Areas **

A

**primary motor area - **precentral gyrus

**Broca’s speech area - **left cerebral hemisphere *(speech production) *

45
Q

Functional Organization of the Cerebral Cortex: **Association **Areas

A
  • *Somatosensory association area**- behind 1° somatosensory area.
  • *Visual association area**- occipital lobe.
  • *Auditory association area-** temporal lobe.
  • Wernick’s area**- left temporal & parietal lobes (speech comprehension)*
    • Prefrontal cortex-** anterior portion of frontal lobe.
46
Q

Cranial Nerves

A

12 pairs

sensory, motor & mixed

name & roman numberic number to identify

47
Q

Olfactory (I) Nerve

A

Sensory nerve.

Sense of smell.
Olfactory cells converge to become **olfactory nerve **that end in olfactory bulb.

48
Q

Optic (II) Nerve

A

sensory

**vision **

**ganglion cells **in retina join to form **optic nerve **

49
Q

Oculomotor (III) Nerve

A

motor cranial

originates in **midbrain **

supply extrinsic eye muscles to control movement of eye & upper eyelid

50
Q

Trochlear (IV) Nerve

A

motor cranial nerve

**smallest **

originate in midbrain

controls movement of eyeball

51
Q

Trigeminal (V) nerve

A

largest cranial nerve

**mixed **

(3) branches: **ophthalmic, maxillary & mandibular **

deal with sensation of touch, pain & temperature.

**motor axons **supply muscles of mastication

52
Q

Abducens (VI) Nerve

A

motor cranial

originates in pons

cause abduction of the eyeball (lateral rotation)

53
Q

Facial (VII) Nerve

A

mixed cranial

sensory portion - from taste buds of anterior 2/3 of tongue

**motor - **arises from pons & deal with facial expression

54
Q

Vestibulocochlear (VIII) Nerve

A

sensory cranial

originates in inner ear

**vestibular branch - **impulses for equilibrium

**cochlear branch - **impulses for hearing

55
Q

Glossopharyngeal (IX) Nerve

A

mixed cranial

**sensory: **taste buds of posterior 1/3 of tongue

**motor: **arise from medulla & deals with release of saliva

56
Q

Vagus (X) Nerve

A

mixed cranial

distributed from **head & neck **into thorax & abdomen

**sensory: **sensations - proprioception & stretching

**motor - **arise from medulla & supply muscles of pharynx, larynx & soft palate that are involved swallowing & vocalization

57
Q

Accessory (XI) Nerve

A

Motor cranial nerve.

Divided into cranial accessory and spinal accessory nerves.

Supplies **sternocleidomastoid & trapezius **muscles to coordinate head movements.

58
Q

Hypoglossal (XII) Nerve

A

motor cranial

conduct nerve impulses for speech & swallowing

59
Q
A

KIN 260 (20 decks)

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