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Revolutions Flashcards

0
Q

How much of the population consisted of peasants?

A

More than 80%

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1
Q

Who was the ruler of Russia until 1917?

A

Tsar Nicholas II

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2
Q

What type of leader was the Tsar?

A

He was an autocrat that had absolute rule.

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3
Q

What did the church teach about the Tsar?

A

That he should be obeyed as he was appointed king by God.

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4
Q

What was the Mir and what did it have power to do?

A

It was a local council who interfered in everyone’s business and had the power to decide whether a peasant was allowed to own or rent land.

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5
Q

What happened with Russia and Japan in 1905?

A

Russia was defeated in a war with Japan.

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6
Q

What was ‘Bloody Sunday’?

A

This was when people held strikes and demonstrations about the poor conditions and the Tsar ordered for the troops to fire into a crowd of peaceful demonstrations in St Petersburg. This nearly led to a revolution.

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7
Q

Was the Tsar an unpopular leader?

A

Yes

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8
Q

When was the first Duma made?

A

1906

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9
Q

Who won the majority in the first Duma?

A

The Cadets - the Constitutional Democratic Party.

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10
Q

What did the cadets demand?

A

Control of taxes as the Tsar had promised.

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11
Q

What did the Tsar do in response to the demands made by the cadets?

A

He dismissed the Duma and as a result many of the liberals fled to Finland. New elections were held.

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12
Q

What was the Duma?

A

The elected assembly or parliament.

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13
Q

What happened in the new elections?

A

Some members of the Marxist SDLP won some seats from the Cadets. The tsar wanted to arrest several of its members however the Duma refused so again the Tsar dismissed it.

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14
Q

What does SDLP stand for?

A

Social democratic Labour Party.

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15
Q

What were the next two Dumas like (1907-1914)?

A

The SDLP were not allowed to run as candidates and any ‘troublemakers’ were arrested and imprisoned.

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16
Q

How did the Tsar use the secret police?

A

He used them to spy on the people that he feared.

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17
Q

What did the Tsar do to the press?

A

He censored it.

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18
Q

Why was there a lot of discontent among the poor working classes?

A

There were many food shortages.

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19
Q

Who was Stolypin?

A

He was the prime minister

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20
Q

What did Stolypin want and why?

A

Economic reforms as he was worried that badly run industry could get out of control

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21
Q

During what period was Stolypin prime minister?

A

1906-1911

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22
Q

What did Stolypin do in terms of the peasants?

A

He ended control of the mir over how land was distributed which meant hard-working peasants could now rent or buy land to farm themselves and this was helped by special peasant banks.

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23
Q

What happened to the Mir system and what did this lead to?

A

It became less efficient when the kulaks left and this caused problems for the country’s food supplies.

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24
Q

What happened to Stolypin in 1911?

A

He was murdered by a revolutionary

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25
Q

What was the aristocracy?

A

The highest class in society with a title for example, a Lord, Lady, Count.

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26
Q

What is a tsar?

A

King of Russia

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27
Q

What are peasants?

A

A poor farmer with a very low status. They used very old, inefficient farming methods.

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28
Q

What are Kulaks?

A

Very rich Russian farmers.

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29
Q

What was the working class?

A

The people who worked in factories and were paid low wages. They had poor working conditions.

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30
Q

Was the industry in Russia growing?

A

Yes

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31
Q

What was the middle class?

A

People who owned businesses and were educated such as university lecturers, lawyers.

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32
Q

What is the industry?

A

The process of making goods in factories from raw materials.

33
Q

What was the name of the Royal family?

A

The Romanovs

34
Q

Why was the tsar not loyal to his ministers?

A

He would give off the impression that everything was good but then he would fire them just like Count Witte.

35
Q

How did the Tsar make Russia’s government seem weak?

A

He encouraged rivalry between them so that they wouldn’t cooperate with one another and it was really corrupt as he would put his family and friends in the government who didn’t have the right background and they were willing to accept bribes.

36
Q

What were the Cossacks?

A

A group of people who were loyal to the Tsar and hated other nationalities.

37
Q

What were the aristocracy like?

A

They were loyal to the Tsar and wanted to keep Russian society as it was. They were scared of rebellion and they were out of touch and oblivious to the problems that Russia faced.

38
Q

How much of the population was made up of aristocrats and how much of Russia’s land did they own?

A

1.5% of Russian people were aristocrats and they owned around 25% of the land in Russia.

39
Q

Why did peasants move to the cities to become workers?

A

They wanted a new way of life and thought that workers were much better off than them.

40
Q

What was the Okhrana?

A

They were the Tsar’s secret police. If a rebellion erupted, they would be called and they were continuously growing. A large group of them was murdered by revolutionaries.

41
Q

What was the Zemstva?

A

Local assemblies that helped to control Russia, they were dominated by landlords and professional people in the town.

42
Q

What could local governors do?

A

Could arrest people, ban individuals from government organisations, make suspects pay heavy fines and introduce censorship of books.

43
Q

What was the percentage of the Tsar’s subjects who spoke Russian as their first language?

A

40%

44
Q

What were there no government regulations on?

A

Child labour, hours, safety or education.

45
Q

What was the tsarina?

A

The queen

46
Q

When did Russia enter WW1?

A

1914

47
Q

What are conscripts?

A

People who were forced to fight for the war - they were usually peasants.n

48
Q

Why was the army unhappy?

A

The injured weren’t looked after properly, poor resources, they were badly led and treated appallingly by their aristocrat leaders, many of them were dying.

49
Q

What happened at the Putilov steelworks on 7th March?

A

Women and workers went on strike and they demanded that the government provided bread.

50
Q

What happened when the Tsar ordered the army to take over the Duma’s provisional committee and suppress the demonstrations?

A

Some soldiers shot their own officers and joined the demonstrators.

51
Q

Who set up the Petrograd soviet and what did they do?

A

The revolutionaries set it up and they began taking control of the food supplies to the city and they set up soldiers’ committees which undermined the authorities of the officers.

52
Q

When did the Tsar abdicate and what was his initial intention when he did this?

A

He abdicated on March 15th and the initial plan was for his brother Michael to take over but he refused.

53
Q

What is a mutiny?

A

An army rebellion

54
Q

By 1917, how many soldiers had died?

A

1.8 million

55
Q

List four reasons that led to the abdication of the Tsar.

A

The opposition of the peasants and the town workers, Russia’ poor performance in WWI, the weaknesses of the Tsar and the strikes in St Petersburg.

56
Q

What did the Tsar do with the army in 1915?

A

He took personal command which meant that he was often away at the eastern front thus leaving his unpopular wife in charge.

57
Q

How did inflation lead to a stronger opposition from the peasants?

A

Prices just kept increasing yet their wages didn’t therefore they were extremely angry as they couldn’t afford anything.

58
Q

What did Rasputin claim he could do?

A

He claimed that he had supernatural powers that could treat the Tsar’s son for haemophilia - a disease where the blood won’t clot.

59
Q

What did Rasputin do?

A

He sacked and appointed government ministers.

60
Q

Who killed Rasputin?

A

The aristocracy in 1916 however the tsar’s authority had already been undermined.

61
Q

Why was the tsarina unpopular?

A

It was said that she was having an affair with the Tsar which made him look weak and she had German ancestry and as the war was being fought against Germany, people didn’t trust her.

62
Q

When the Tsar gave up, who came into power?

A

The provisional government which was led by Prince Lvov till July and then Alexander Kerensky.

63
Q

When did the first revolution occur?

A

February 1917

64
Q

What was Bourgeois?

A

The representatives of the new middle class industrialists.

65
Q

What did the Social revolutionaries and the Marxists split into?

A

The Mensheviks who wanted a peaceful change and the Bolsheviks who wanted a revolution.

66
Q

Why was Russia so difficult to rule?

A

It was too big to rule, it was backward, it was militarily weak due to having lost the war in Japan and it was disunited as there were many nationalities.

67
Q

On which battleship did sailors mutiny?

A

Potemkin

68
Q

What were soviets?

A

Committees made up of workers and soldiers to represent them.

69
Q

What did the October manifesto entitle?

A

The promise to create a Duma.

70
Q

What did the war effort cause?

A

Economic chaos.

71
Q

Why was Russia’s agriculture ruined?

A

The war was taking away peasants for the war effort leaving behind little people to care for the land.

72
Q

What did the Deputy Minister of the Interior and former head police warn the Tsar of?

A

If Russia went to war against Germany then it would destroy the monarchy.

73
Q

Why did the war lead to food shortages?

A

It clogged up the railways with military transport meaning that food couldn’t get into towns and the majority of the food produced was used to feed the army.

74
Q

What happened on the 13th of March 1917?

A

There was a rebellion at the Kronstadt naval base where sailors mutinied and murdered hundreds of their officers.

75
Q

Who led the peaceful demonstrations in 1905?

A

Father Gapon

76
Q

Who were the octobrists?

A

Kadets who supported Nicholas’s promise of a Duma.

77
Q

Why was the Tsar’s decision to take over the army a bad idea?

A

It made him responsible for the defeats

78
Q

How many days behind was the Russian calendar?

A

13 days

79
Q

What was the life expectancy of a peasant?

A

40

History (12 decks)

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