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ESA 2 SK > CVS 12 Shock, Review and Hypertension > Flashcards

CVS 12 Shock, Review and Hypertension Flashcards

1
Q

What can cause poor regional perfusion?

A

arterial occlusion- peripheral artery disease, coronary artery disease
venous congestion- varicose veins, DVT

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2
Q

In which direction do veins drain?

A

Superficial to deep

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3
Q

What constitutes a positive exercise stress test for ischaemic heart disease?

A

If there is chest discomfort or ECG changes

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4
Q

What ECG abnormality is seen in angina?

A

ST segment depression

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5
Q

What is stable angina treated with?

A

Nitrates
Beta- blockers
Calcium channel antagonists

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6
Q

What is the principle action of nitrates in angina relief?

A

Venodilation causing decreased preload to heart to reduce workload

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7
Q

What abnormalities are see in an ECG with unstable angina?

A

ST depression and/or T wave inversion

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8
Q

What ECG changes are seen with a STEMI?

A

ST elevation
T wave inversion
Pathological Q waves

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9
Q

What feature of a STEMI ECG persists even weeks after recovery?

A

Pathological Q waves

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10
Q

What is troponin and which isoforms are used to detect MI?

A

Regulatory protein that is bound on tropomysosin, involved in muscle contraction
Troponin I and Troponin T

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11
Q

What is cardiac arrest?

A

Unresponsiveness associated with lack of pulse

Heart has either stopped or ceased to pump effectively

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12
Q

What is asystole?

A

Loss of electrical and mechanical activity

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13
Q

What is the most common form of cardiac arrest and when does it occur?

A

Ventricular fibrillation

May occur following MI or electrolyte imbalance or some arrhythmias (e.g long QT and Torsades de Pointes)

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14
Q

What is pulseless electrical activity?

A

Form of cardiac arrest where ECG looks normal but there is no pulse

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15
Q

What basic life support is used to treat cardiac arrest?

A

Chest compression and external ventillation

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16
Q

How does defibrillation work?

A

Electrical current delivered to heart
Depolarises all cells and puts them in the refractory period
Allows coordinated electrical activity to restart

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17
Q

Why is adrenaline used in cardiac arrest?

A

Enhances myocardial function and increases peripheral resistance

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18
Q

What is shock?

A

Acute condition of inadequate blood flow throughout body

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19
Q

What causes circulatory shock?

A

Catastrophic fall in arterial blood pressure due to a fall in CO or TPR

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20
Q

How is mean arterial BP calculated from cardiac output and TPR?

A

Mean arterial BP=COxTPR

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21
Q

In what ways can CO fall to cause shock?

A

Mechanical- pump can’t fill
Pump failure
Loss of blood volume

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22
Q

What causes a fall in peripheral resistance?

A

Excessive vasodilation

23
Q

What is cardiogenic shock?

A

Acute pump failure causing a drop in CO
Following MI, serious arrythmias or ACUTE WORSENING of heart failure (standard heart failure is not cadiogenic shock, it is chronic)

24
Q

What is oliguria?

A

Reduced urine production

Occurs when poor kidney perfusion

25
Q

What kind of shock can cardiac tamponade cause?

A

Mechanical

26
Q

How does cardiac tamponade cause shock?

A

Blood or fluid fills the pericardial space
Restricts filling of the heart- limits end diastolic volume and so STROKE VOLUME
Affects both sides of heart
High CVP
Low arterial BP
Heart still attempts to beat so continued electrical activity

27
Q

What kind of shock does a pulmonary embolism cause?

A

Mechanical

28
Q

How does a pulmonary embolism cause shock?

A 
Embolus occludes a large pulmonary artery
PA pressure HIGH
right ventricle can't empty
CVP high
Reduced return of blood to left heart limiting filling
LA pressure low
Arterial blood pressure low
CO lowered due to reduced SV
29
Q

What other symptoms are felt with pulmonary embolism?

A

Chest pain, dyspnoea (SOB)

30
Q

How many litres of blood are in a normal man?

A

5l

31
Q

What is the most common cause of hypovolaemic shock?

A

Haemorrhage

32
Q

How much blood loss causes a shock response?

A

20-30% some signs of shock response

30-40% serious shock response

33
Q

What happens to pressures during Haemhorrage?

A

Venous pressure falls
Cardiac output falls (starling’s law)
Arterial pressure falls
Detected by baroceptors

34
Q

What happens in the compensatory response to haemorrhage?

A 
Increased sympathetic stimulation
Tachycardia
Inc force of contraction
Peripheral vasoconstrcition
VENOCONSTRICTION- inc VP and so venous return
35
Q

How does the patient present when in hypovolaemic shock?

A

Tachycardia, weak pulse, pale skin, cold, clammy extremeties

36
Q

What other causes of hypovolaemic shock are there?

A

Severe burns

Severe diarrhoea or vomiting and loss of Na+

37
Q

What is decompensation?

A

Failure of a system to adapt and compensate for stressors

38
Q

What happens in decompensation in hypovolaemic shock?

A

Peripheral vasoconstriction causes tissue damage due to hypoxia
Chemical mediators released in response causing vasodilation
TPR falls
Blood pressure falls dramatically
Vital organs no longer perfused
Multi system failure

39
Q

What is distributive shock?

A

Low resistance (normovolaemic) shocl where profound peripheral vasodilation causes a decrease in TPR and BP

40
Q

What are two types of distributive shock?

A

Toxic shock

Anaphylactic shock

41
Q

What happens in toxic (septic) shock?

A

Septicaemia
Endotoxins released by circulationg bacteria
Cause profound vasodilation
Dramatic fall in TPR
Fall in arterial pressure
Inpaired perfusion of vital organs
Capillaries become leaky and reduce blood volume

42
Q

What happens to compensate in toxic shock?

A

Low arterial pressure detected by baroceptors
Increased sympathetic output
Vasoconstrictor affect overriden by mediators of vasodilation
HR and SV increase

43
Q

How will a person in toxic shock present?

A

Tachycardia, warm, red extremities (initial vasodilation)

44
Q

What happens in anaphylactic shock?

A

Histamine released from mast cells due to allergen
(other mediators too)
Powerful vasodilator- fall in TPR
Dramatic drop in arterial pressure
Impaired perfusion of vital organs
Mediators cause bronchoconstricition and laryngeal oedema

45
Q

What is the compensatory response in anaphylactic shock?

A

Increased sympathetic drive increases CO but this cant overcome the vasodilation

46
Q

How will a patient with anaphylactic shock present?

A

Difficulty breathing
Collapsed
Tachycardia
Red warm extremities

47
Q

How is anaphylactic shock treated?

A

Adrenaline injection

High adrenaline conc above physiological levels activates a1 receptors causing vasoconstriction

48
Q

What BP classes as hypertensive?

A

140/90mmHg

49
Q

At what three sites is blood pressure regulated?

A

Kidneys- regulates blood vol which alters SV
Heart- rate and force of contraction
Vasculature- TPR

50
Q

What does long standing hypertension cause in the heart?

A

LV hypertrophy and risk of heart failure

51
Q

What does long standing hypertension cause in the arteries?

A 
Arterial disease:
Coronary arteries- MI, angina
Cerebrovascular system- stroke
Renal vasculature- kidney failure
Retina
Aorta
52
Q

In what non-pharmological ways can hypertension be treated?

A

Weight loss, exercise, reduced salt intake

53
Q

In what pharmological ways can hypertension be treated?

A

Duiretics
Vasodilators
ACE inhibitors
Beta blockers

ESA 2 SK (35 decks)

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