Lecture 11.3

Question 1

Motor activity is evident from.

Answer 1

early stage of fetal development in all studied vertebrates

Question 2

What is the function of fetal locomotor action?

Answer 2

help refine neural networks - optimise connectivity

It may also be importantn for development of muscle and joints

Question 3

true or false

spontaneuos activity of neurons is a feature developing neural circuits that are concerned with movement

Answer 3

False

it’s a feature of ALL developing neurons

Question 4

reciprocally connnected inhibitory internerons produce an elementary ______, _____ pattern of output

Answer 4

reciprocally connnected inhibitory internerons produce an elementary alternating, phasic pattern of output

Question 5

Stance phase of walking involves ____ muscles

Answer 5

extensor

Question 6

Swing phase of walking involves ____ muscles

Answer 6

mainly flexor muscles

Question 7

After SC transection, cats can still generate _____ ______output - they can even increase locomotor ___when treadmill speed increased

Answer 7

After SC transection, cats can still generate patterned locomotor output - they can even increase locomotor speed when treadmill speed increased

Question 8

Muscle spindles have ___ fibres wrapped around them

Answer 8

sensory

Question 9

sensory information from _____ and _____ ___ is critical for controlling the precise timing of flexor/extensor offset and onset - and also accounts for increase in speed for acerabral cats

Answer 9

sensory information from spindles and tendon organs is critical for controlling the precise timing of flexor/extensor offset and onset - and also accounts for increase in speed for acerabral cat

Question 10

sensory activity from muscle and tendon is crucial to make sure locomotion is optimal and you don’t…

Answer 10

fall over/lose balance

Question 11

In horses, as the stimulation increases..

Answer 11

there is a gait transitiion

Question 12

What are the functions of the Basal Ganglia

Answer 12

1) allow the selection of complex patterns of voluntary movement
2) Evaluation the sucess of actions achieving the goal
3) initiating movements

Question 13

Functions of the cerebellum?

Answer 13

The accuracy of the movements

coordinating timing
Maintenance of muscle tone
Motor learning
planning sequences of muscle activation for complex movements

Question 14

What sort of things go wrong with motor control?>

Answer 14

Tremors

Weakness, Paralysis, Atrophy

Increased responsiveness

Increased tone or spasticity

simple or complex sontaneous movements

lack of coordination

Question 15

In humans the spinal locomotor circuits can not be actiated, even by activation of the muscle sensory inputs which can initiate locomotion in spinal ________

Answer 15

In humans the spinal locomotor circuits can not be actiated, even by activation of the muscle sensory inputs which can initiate locomotion in spinal quadrupreds

Question 16

Although motoneurons lose many of their inputs, most of those inputs from the brain were _____- so rather than being less excitable, motoneurons exhibit ___-_______

Answer 16

Although motoneurons lose many of their inputs, most of those inputs from the brain were inhibitory so rather than being less excitable, motoneurons exhibit hyper-excitability

Question 17

true or false

Gait patterns can be re-learnt consciously

Answer 17

true

Question 18

Locomotor pattern generation originates in..

Answer 18

lumbar-sacral cord

Question 19

Spinal cord circuits encode complex ___transition

Answer 19

Spinal cord circuits encode complex gait transitions

Question 20

Gait is a spinal pattern elicited and strongly modulated by segmental and _______ input

Answer 20

Gait is a spinal pattern elicited and strongly modulated by segmental and descending input

Question 21

Specific neurological disorders have specific ____ abnormalities

Answer 21

Specific neurological disorders have specific gait abnormalities