2.4

Question 1

Intrinsic Motivation

Answer 1

When someone gets satisfaction from an activity itself without threats or rewards from outside.
E.g. employees are interested in the work they are doing

Question 2

Extrinsic Motivation

Answer 2

Involves the use of rewards, often financial, and provide satisfaction that the job itself may not provide.
E.g. employee receives a company car

Question 3

Theories of Motivation

Answer 3

John Adams
Abraham Maslow
Frederick Taylor
Frederick Herzberg
Daniel Pink

Question 4

Taylor’s Scientific Management

Answer 4

• Emphasises efficiency above all else
• Division of labour: splitting workers into groups so they can specialise in one job
• Training was provided so workers could complete tasks with little error and reduced wastage
• Mechanistic view of workers where they were treated like functional machines and given little trust
• Believe that workers are only motivated by money
• Paying workers on result/output
• Initiative from workers is discouraged
• Autocratic leadership
• Appropiate for low skilled jobs which are standardised

Question 5

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

Answer 5

Maslow argued that most people want to work for more reasons besides money:
Physiological needs (survival)
Safety needs
Social needs
Esteem needs (status)
Self-actualisation needs

Question 6

Physiological Needs

Answer 6

Basic needs; food, drink, clothing, shelter.
E.g. a fair wage, staff room

Question 7

Safety Needs

Answer 7

The need to feel secure and free from environmental threats.
E.g. job security, safe working conditions

Question 8

Social Needs

Answer 8

The need to form relationships, belonging, acceptance, friendship and team membership.
E.g. team working, staff night out

Question 9

Esteem Needs

Answer 9

Reputation, achievement and status.
E.g. private office, company cars

Question 10

Self-actualisation Needs

Answer 10

The need to achieve one’s fullest potential.
E.g. leadership roles, promotional structure

Question 11

Frederick Herzberg

Answer 11

Looked at job satisfaction and divided them into 2 factors:
Motivation
Hygiene Factors

Question 12

Frederick Herzberg Motivators

Answer 12

Factors which provide constant motivation:
- Recognition of achievement
- Recognition of effort
- Chance of promotion
- Giving responsibility

Question 13

Frederick Herzberg Hygiene Factors

Answer 13

Factors that can lead to workers being dissatisfiesd:
- Improving them is not likely to motivate individuals, however, if they are not met productivity may fall
- Treatment at work
- Pay
- Secure employment
- Company policy

Question 14

John Adams

Answer 14

Equity theory. Employees will be motivated when they perceive that the balance between their inputs into the business and outputs exists.
When output is bigger than input, workers will be motivated. If employees are giving more inputs to business than they receive in outputs, they will be demotivated.

Question 15

Daniel Pink

Answer 15

Employers need to tap into employees’ intrinsic motivation. Pink proposes that businesses should adopt a revised approach to motivation that fits more closely with post-industrial jobs (self-determination theory).
Businesses should create settings that allow for:
- Autonomy
- Mastery
- Purpose

Question 16

Non-financial Motivation Methods

Answer 16

Job Enrichment
Job Enlargement
Job Rotation
Delegation (empowerment)
Teamworking
Purpose

Question 17

Job Enrichment

Answer 17

The allocation of more interesting and challenging duties to workers.

Question 18

Jon Enlargement

Answer 18

Merging of several tasks in order to extend the range of work to make each job more interesting. Makes work more challenging.

Question 19

Job Rotation

Answer 19

Workers changing their jobs on a regular basis in order to increase their motivation.

Question 20

Delegation

Answer 20

Workers are fully involved in decision making (strategic, tactical and operational).

Question 21

Purpose

Answer 21

Connecting employees to the aims of the organisation, other than profit.

Question 22

Payment Systems

Answer 22

Piece rate
Hourly rate
Flat rate
Comission
Overtime
Bonus rate

Question 23

Time rate (hourly)

Answer 23

Workers are paid by the hour. Often used in service sector.
✅ Simple to calculate for the employer
✅ Rewards the employee for they time spent at work
❌ No incentive to produce quality work

Question 24

Flat rate (salary)

Answer 24

Workers are paid a set salary per annum. Split into 12 equal payments.
✅ Gives employees guaranteed monthlt income (security)
❌ Doesn’t reward staff for increased level of effort

Question 25

Piece rate

Answer 25

Workers are paid per item they produce. Often used in factories.
✅ Often acts as an incentive for employees to work hard
❌ Quality of products may suffer

Question 26

Commission

Answer 26

Workers are paid a percentage of the products’ sales value. Used for car sales persons.
✅ Used as an incentive to motivate staff to sell more
❌ No income security for staff