24 Hazardous Weather Flashcards
(99 cards)
1
Q
What is the most significant factor which affects the flow of air traffic and accounts for a significant percentage of all accidents?
A
Weather
2
Q
Controller shall advise pilots of hazardous weather that may impact operations within _______of their sector or area of jurisdiction
A
150 NM
3
Q
The atmospheric condition which, when encountered in flight, can potentially cause damage to the aircraft, personal injury, a crash, or death.
A
Aviation weather hazard
4
Q
Name three main factors that influence aviation weather safety
A
Pilot ratings and experience
– aircraft design and performance specifications
– onboard equipment
5
Q
What type of wind is responsible for most weather related accidents
A
Adverse wind
6
Q
What are the most critical periods of any flight and are most susceptible to adverse wind
A
Take off and landing
7
Q
Changing of runway configuration and reduced arrival rates are often triggered by what type of wind?
A
Adverse wind
8
Q
Adverse wind phenomena includes what five things
A
– Crosswinds – gusts – tailwind – variable wind –sudden Windshift
9
Q
If a pilot does not correctly compensate for crosswind what can happen?
A
The aircraft may drift off the side of the runway – sideload on landing gear might occur leading to gear collapse
10
Q
I sudden, brief increasing the speed of wind
A
Gust
11
Q
When an airplane is taking off into a headwind, gust may cause it to do what?
A
Bounce on the runway
12
Q
Any wind more than 90° to the longitudinal axis of the runway
A
Tailwind
13
Q
What type of wind is this
-longer take off role is required, smaller initial rate of climb occurs during take off, longer landing role is required
A
Tailwind
14
Q
2 minute evaluation period, It fluctuates by 60° or more and the wind speed is less or more than 6 kn.
A
Variable wind
15
Q
Change in wind direction of 45° or more which takes place in less than 15 minutes and has sustained winds of 10 kn or more
A
Wind shift
16
Q
True or false
Small airplanes are more affected by tailwinds and crosswinds during take off and landings then large airplanes
A
True
17
Q
A variable winds could be hazardous on take off and landing because it could______.
A
Quickly become a crosswind or tailwind
18
Q
Which type of aircraft will perform better in adverse wind conditions, due to its higher tailwind and cross wind threshold?
A
Larger airplanes
19
Q
Continued visual flight into _____Weather is the single greatest cause of fatal accidents
A
IFR
20
Q
The feeling that you or your environment is moving or spinning
A
Vertigo
21
Q
Which ceiling is more hazardous than the other caused by a layer a loft? Indefinite or equal?
A
Indefinite ceiling
22
Q
Water droplets based at the earth surface and reducing horizontal visibility to less than 5/8 statute mile.
A
Fog
23
Q
What is the most common and persistent weather hazard encountered in aviation?
A
Fog
* The speed which fog can form makes it especially hazardous
24
Q
Three types of precipitation that most commonly cause IFR weather
A
Rain, drizzle, snow
25
Snow lifted from the surface of the earth by wind to a height of 6 feet or more above the ground and that reported horizontal visibility is reduced to less than seven statute miles
Blowing snow
26
Fine particles of rock powder that originate from a volcano and that may remain suspended in the atmosphere for long periods
Volcanic ash
27
Ingestion of volcanic ash into an engine can lead to
Partial or total power loss
28
Weather phenomena causing the obstruction of mountain peaks caused by clouds, precipitation, Smoke, Haze, mist or fog
Mountain obstruction
29
What are issued for widespread mountain obscurations
Airmets
30
Most aircraft accidents related to instrument weather involve pilots who
Are not instrument rated
31
Irregular motion of an aircraft in flight, especially when characterized by rapid up and down motion, caused by a rapid variation of atmospheric wind velocities
Aircraft turbulence
32
Turbulence is caused by what three things?
– Convective currents (convective)
– obstructions to Windflow (mechanical)
– windshear
33
Turbulent vertical motions that result from convective currents and the subsequent rising and sinking of air
Convective turbulence
34
When are convective currents the most active
On warm summer afternoon when winds are light
35
Turbulence caused by obstructions, such as trees, buildings, mountains etc.
Mechanical turbulence
36
Mechanical turbulence intensity is directly related to: (2)
Wind speed, roughness of the obstructions
37
An atmospheric wave disturbance formed when stable air flow passes over a mountain or mountainous ridge
Mountain wave
38
Mountain waves develop _______ & _____ of mountains
Above and down wind
39
What type of turbulence do mountain waves frequently produce?
Severe to extreme
40
Mountain waves usually extend upward into the_____.
Lower stratosphere
41
A change in windspeed and or wind direction in a short distance resulting in a shearing effect
Wind shear
42
What are the three conditions of windshear
– Windshear with low level temperature inversion
-windshear with a frontal zone
– clear air turbulence associated with the jetstream
43
What occurs:
-within the lowest few thousand feet above ground due to night time cooling
-along frontal zones
– when cold air is trapped in a valley
Temperature inversion
44
The interface or transition zone between two air masses of different density
Frontal zone
45
Where does clear air turbulence happen?
Higher altitude – 20,000 to 50,000 feet – cloud free regions
46
How are jetstream CAT usually best avoided?
changing altitude a few thousand feet
47
CAT frequency and intensity are _______during winter when jet streams are the_______.
Maximized, strongest
48
What type of turbulence intensity?
Aircraft-momentarily causes slight erratic changes in altitude and/or attitude
Inside- occupants may feel a slight strain against seatbelts or shoulder straps. Unsecured objects may be displaced slightly. Little or no difficulty is encountered and walking
Light - LGT
49
What type of turbulence intensity?
Aircraft-changes in altitude and/or attitude occur but the aircraft remains in positive control at all times. It usually causes variations in indicated airspeed
-Inside-definite strains against seatbelts or shoulder straps. Unsecured objects are dislodged. Food service and walking are difficult.
Moderate – MOD
50
What type of turbulence intensity?
Aircraft- causes large, abrupt changes in altitude and/or attitude. It usually causes large variations in indicated airspeed. Aircraft maybe momentarily out of control.
-inside- fourth violently against seatbelts or shoulder straps. Unsecured objects are tossed about. Food service and walking are impossible
Severe – SEV
51
What type of turbulence intensity?
| Aircraft-violently tossed about and is practically impossible to control. It may cause structural damage.
Extreme – EXTRM
52
A category of turbulence which causes rapid and somewhat rhythmic bumpiness without appreciable changes in altitude or attitude. Maybe reported as light or moderate
Chop
53
What type of turbulence momentarily causes slight erratic changes in altitude and/or attitude?
Light
54
During what type of turbulence is the aircraft violently tossed about and practically impossible to control?
Extreme
55
When the air is too dry for Cumuliform clouds to form, ________currents caused by uneven surface heating can still be active and caused turbulence.
Convective
56
Which of the following clouds would provide visual proof that a mountain wave exist?
Rotor cloud
57
What generates turbulence between two wind currents of differing wind directions and/or speeds?
Windshear
58
A condition of the atmosphere that reduces an aircraft performance capability below a level of standard performance at a specified altitude
High density altitude
59
What are the three types of icing?
Rome, clear or glaze, mixed
60
Rough, milky, Opaque ice formed by the instantaneous freezing of a small supercooled water droplets after they strike the aircraft.
Rime Icing
61
What type of icing is the most common, but least serious type
Rime icing
62
A glossy, clear, or translucent ice formed by the relatively slow freezing of large supercooled water droplets
Clear ice
63
What type of ice is more hazardous then rime icing?
Clear ice/glaze ice
64
A mixture of clear ice and Rime ice
Mixed ice
65
mixed icing combines the dangerous effects of what two other icing conditions
Clear and rime
66
Ice intensity
-ice becomes perceptible. Rate of accumulation slightly greater than sublimation. Deicing/anti-icing equipment is not utilized unless encountered for an extended period of time – over one hour
Trace- TRACE
67
Ice intensity
-rate of accumulation may create a problem if flight is prolonged in this environment – over one hour – occasional use of the icing/anti-icing equipment removes/prevents accumulation. Does not present a problem if the deicing flash and I seen equipment is used
Light – LGT
68
Ice intensity
-rate of accumulation is such that even short and counters become potentially hazardous and use of deicing/anti-icing equipment or flight diversion is necessary.
Moderate – MOD
69
Ice intensity
- rate of accumulation is such that deicing/anti-icing equipment fails to reduce or control the hazard. Immediate flight diversion is necessary
Severe – SEV
70
Liquid water at temperatures below the freezing point, 0°C
Super cooled water
71
Droplets of supercooled water often exist in _____&____clouds
Stratiform and cumulus
72
Commercial jets or less vulnerable to icing due to tendency to Cruise at ______altitude we're temperatures are typically too cold for icing ______Celsius
Higher altitude's, < then -40°C
73
Light turbo props are more susceptible to icing, typically they fly at _____altitudes were temperatures often _____
Lower, support icing
| 0to -20 degrees Celsius
74
Hi density altitude ______and Aircrafts power and thrust
Reduces
75
Although ______is the most common type of icing, it is the least serious because it is easier to remove
Rime
76
With ______ice, the rate of accumulation may create a problem if flight is prolonged over one hour. Occasional use of deicing/anti-icing equipment removed/prevents accumulation.
Light
77
Aircraft Icing potential is not dependent upon ______.
Pilot rating
78
Which adverse effect of structural icing is least significant to an aircraft
Increased weight
79
A storm produced by a Cumulus Nimbus cloud, always accompanied by lightning and thunder, usually with strong gusts of wind, heavy rain, and sometimes with Hale
Thunderstorm
80
What are the three ingredients a thunderstorm cell formation requires?
– Sufficient water vapor
– unstable air
– lifting mechanism strong enough to release the instability
81
The convective cell of a Cumulus Nimbus cloud having lightning and thunder.
Thunderstorm cell
82
What are the three distinct stages a thunderstorm cell undergoes
Towering cumulus stage
– mature stage
– dissipating stage
83
During the towering cumulus stage, updraft speeds of greater than ______feet per minute exceed the climbing capability of most aircraft
3,000
84
Precipitation downdraft it reaches the surface, leading edge of downdraft air is called a gust front, weather hazards reach peak intensity. Which stage of a thunderstorm cell is this?
Mature stage
85
Total lifecycle of a thunderstorm cell is typically about how many minutes?
30
86
A strong down draft which and this is an outburst of damaging winds on my near the ground. Damaging winds, either straight or curved, are highly divergent. The sizes of downburst very from 1/2 mile or less to more than 10 miles. And intense downburst often causes widespread damage. Damaging winds, lasting 5 to 30 minutes, could reach speeds as high as 120 kn
Down burst
87
A downburst that covers an area up to 2.5 miles along a side with peak winds as high as 150 kn that lasts 2 to 5 minutes
Microburst
88
A down burst that covers an area greater than 2 1/2 miles up to 10 miles along a side with peak winds as high as 120 kn that last 5 to 30 minutes
Macro burst
89
What are the three stages of a downburst life cycle?
Formation, impact, dissipation
90
What are the three systems the FAA has installed to warn controllers and pilots of microburst, windshear, and gust fronts
– Low-level windshear alert system – LLWAS
– terminal Doppler weather radar – TDWR
– Airport surveillance radar – ASR /– weather system processor – WSP
91
Detect surface windshear through the use of up to 32 remote wind sensors situated around an airport
Low-level windshear alert system – LLWAS
92
Specialized weather radar is used to detect microburst, gust Fronts, and convective storms along arrival and departure paths.
Terminal Doppler weather radar – TDWR
93
Enhanced weather process for the ASR–9 air traffic control radar that includes Doppler wind estimation for the detection of low level windshear
Airport surveillance radar – ASR
| weather system processor -WSP
94
Thunderstorm cell formation requires ________,unstable air, and lift
Water vapor
95
It may be impossible to recover from _______encountered at low altitude
A microburst
96
A windshear of 10 kn or more per 100 feet in a layer more than 200 feet thick which occurs within 2000 feet of the surface
Low-level windshear – LLWS
97
Windshear is especially dangerous when it is encountered ________.
During takeoff and landing
98
While an aircraft is on approach, and shear from a tailwind to a headwind causes airspeed to ______,the nose to pitch _____, and the aircraft to _____, the glideslope
Increase, up, rise upward above
99
While an aircraft is on approach, and shear from a headwind to a tailwind causes airspeed to ____, the nose to pitch _____, and the aircraft to _____, the glideslope
Decrease, down, drop below
