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Geology 308 for Final > 24. Minerals in human body > Flashcards

24. Minerals in human body Flashcards

(52 cards)

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1
Q

what are naturally occuring

A

mineral must be found and made in nature

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2
Q

what is solide crystalline substance

A

Atoms that compose the mineral are arranged in an orderly,
repeating, three dimensional array

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3
Q

what is inorganic

A

Crystallize from magma, precipitate from solutions such as seawater at the surface

grow in response to Δ T & P deep in the
crust.

The IMA excludes biogenic minerals

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4
Q

what is specific chemical composition

A

What makes each mineral unique is the combination and arrangement of atoms in an internal structure

Mineral chemical composition can vary within defined limits

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5
Q

what are kidney stone

A

hard
crystalline mineral material formed in kidneys or urinary tract

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6
Q

how many percent of people get kidney stones some point in their lives

A

1 - 15%

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7
Q

when do kidney stones form

A

when decrease in urin volume

excess of stone forming substance in urine

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8
Q

where do kidney stones form

A

typically in kidney and leave body in urin stream

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9
Q

when does stone cause blockage, also where is it

A

5mm
in Ureter

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10
Q

symptoms of kidney stones

A

lower back and abdomen pain

urine blood

pain while urinating

nausea
vomitting
urinating urgency
restlessness
sweating

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11
Q

risk factor in getting kidney stone

A

most due to genetics and environement

1) high urine calcium levels
2) obesity
3) certain foods
4) some medications
5) calcium supplements
6) hyperparathyroidism
7) gout
8) not drinking enough fluids

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12
Q

what are 5 types of kidney stones made of

A
  • calcium oxalate (most common)
  • calcium phosphate
  • struvite
  • uric acid
  • cystine
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13
Q

what are stages of kidney stone formation

A

a) nucleation (chemical elements joining together)

  • homogeneous (all crystal) vs. hetero (cell debris)

b) growth

c) aggregation

d) retention in the kidney, continue to grow

e) move into the ureter

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14
Q

in the US, how many percent of men get kidney stones

A

13%

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15
Q

in the US, how many percent of women get kidney stones

A

7%

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16
Q

how many percent of kidney stones need no surgical intervention

A

78%
most pass through ureter to the bladder with own time

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17
Q

if kidney stone is lodged in ureter, what are 2 possible medical interventions

A

Lithotripsy
(high energy shock waves)

endoscopic removal

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18
Q

if a person forms a kidney stone, what is likelihood they will form another in next 4 years

A

50%

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19
Q

what causes kidney stones to form

A
  • supersaturation of urine with stone-forming elements
  • deficiency of inhibitors (such as citrate) that prevent crystallization
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20
Q

what are 2 dietary habits that can lead to kidney stone formation

A
  • too much sodium in diet
  • too much animal protein in diet
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21
Q

calcium oxalate

Study These Flashcards
A

Ca2+ CCOOOO2-

22
Q

calcium phosphate

Study These Flashcards
A

Ca2+ PO2(OH)2

23
Q

struvite

24
Q

uric acid

25
cystine
(SCH2CH(NH2)CO2H)2
26
what types of kidney stone are highest
calcium stones then struvite cystine is least
27
what is lithotripst
uses sound waves to break up large kidney stones into smaller pieces. also called high-energy shock waves The most common form is extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL).
28
extracorporeal meaning
outside the body, in this case the source of waves
29
ESWL
been around since 1980s non invasive no surgery safer easier recovery 45 minutes to a hour
30
medical interventions
drug treament - calcium channel blockers and steroids - citrate ones to prevent development
31
what happens if ESWL doesn't work
endoscopic stone removal goes through bladder or small incision in back to reach stone some need large incision in abdomen
32
Minerals in human bone
Calcium phosphate and collagen fibres
33
what is vivo bone
living bone in the body
34
how mcuh water is in bone
10-20%
35
dry mass how much is calcium phosphate
60-70%
36
calcium phosphate formula
Ca5(PO4)4(OH)
37
the harder, outer layer of your bone is called
compact bone
38
the inner part of bone is called
spongy bone
39
what are cells called that break down bone tissue
osteoclasts
40
what are cells that make new bone tissue
osteoblasts
41
at what age is peak bone mass in humans
30s
42
what is osteoporosis
weakened bones due to low bone density
43
what are common fracture locations related to osteoporosi
wrist spine hips
44
what is the hardest substance with most minerals in body
Hydroxyapatite is the mineral crystalline calcium phosphate
45
what happens if excess fluoride
combines to calcium to make CaF2 not enough calcium phosphate production less mienralization in growing enamel
46
what are gall stones
stones formed in gallbladder out of bile components
47
what are bile components that form gall stones
cholesterol bile salts bilirubin
48
facts about gallstones percent of people with symptoms where is pain how many people get it
80% never have symptoms gallstone block bile duct which causes pain in right upper part of abdomen developing countries: 10-15%
49
what are gallstone really
hardened deposits of bile that form in gallbladder
50
what does bile do
digestive fluid produced by liver and stores in gallbladder when we eat, gallbladder contracts and empties bile to duodenum small intestine
51
risk factors of gallstones
birth control pregnancy family history obesity diabetes liver disease rapid weight loss
52
risk of gallstones can be decreased by
maintaining healthy weight with exercise healthy diet high fibre low sugar

Geology 308 for Final (11 decks)

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