241 - 32, Cytoplasmic inheritance

Question 1

cytoplasmic organelles behave differently and DO / DO NOT not obey Mendelian rules.

Answer 1

do not

Question 2

Mitochondria are organelles that use ______ to produce energy efficiently

Answer 2

oxygen

Question 3

Mitochondria have their own _____

Answer 3

genomes (DNA)

Question 4

The human mitochondrial genome encodes __ genes: __ ribosomal RNA genes, __, tRNA genes (for protein synthesis), and __ proteins for energy metabolism

Answer 4

37, 2, 22, 13

Question 5

The majority of mitochondrial proteins are made from ______ genes.

Answer 5

nuclear

Question 6

_________ theory - Mitochondria (and chloroplasts) were derived from a symbiosis of an anaerobic eukaryotic cell and an aerobic prokaryotic cell. Many features of mitochondria resemble those of bacteria.

Answer 6

endosymbiant

Question 7

Mutations disrupting the energy production process will affect the growth on non- fermentable ______

Answer 7

sugars

Question 8

________ petite: The transmission of the phenotype follows the Mendelian pattern. These mutations affect nuclear genes that contribute to energy production in mitochondria.

Answer 8

segregational

Question 9

______ petite: The mutant mitochondria are “recessive” to the wild-type ones.

Answer 9

neutral

Question 10

In neutral petite, the four meioses inherit some . . . (type) mitochondria to restore their ability to grow on non-fermentable sugars.

Answer 10

wild-type

Question 11

________ petite: the mutant mitochondria are “dominant” to the wild-type ones.

Answer 11

suppressive

Question 12

the inheritance of mitochondria is from . . .

Answer 12

the mother

Question 13

Mitochondrial diseases usually exhibit the following features (3)

Answer 13

maternal transmission
variable penetrance
expressivity

Question 14

_________ component: stored in eggs as mRNA, proteins, and organization

Answer 14

maternal

Question 15

________ component: newly transcribed materials from the embryonic genome

Answer 15

zygotic

Question 16

The effects of mutations in maternal-effect genes are manifested in the ______

Answer 16

progeny (not the mothers)

Question 17

_____ are the disease-causing agents for spongiform encephalopathy, mad cow disease.

Answer 17

prions

Question 18

_____ alter cellular phenotypes through self-perpetuating changes in protein conformation and are cytoplasmically partitioned from mother cells to daughter.

Answer 18

prions

Question 19

prions are partitioned from _____ to _____

Answer 19

mother to daughter

Question 20

prions are susceptible to _______

Answer 20

proteases

Question 21

______ are resistant to UV and nuclease treatment

Answer 21

prions

Question 22

In yeast, _______ petites mutants that show Mendelian behaviour and result from mutations in mitochondrial genes located in the nucleus.

Answer 22

segregational

Question 23

In yeast, ______ petites, which are recessive genotypes and result from the complete absence of mitochondrial DNA.

Answer 23

neutral

Question 24

In yeast, ________ petites, in which most of the mitchondrial DNA is lost (60-99%), though what remains is often amplified.

Answer 24

suppressive

Question 25

________ ensure the proper segregation of genes during mitosis and meiosis

Answer 25

centromeres

Question 26

Molecules that are not linked to chromosomes bearing nuclear centromeres behave differently during _______ and do not obey ______ rules

Answer 26

mitosis; Mendel's

Question 27

_________ are involved in producing energy for the cell through oxidative phosphorylation

Answer 27

Mitochondria

Question 28

nuclear DNA is ______ and mitochondrial _______ (shape)

Answer 28

linear; circular

Question 29

nuclear DNA cells contain ___ copies of DNA, mitochondria cells contain _____ copies of DNA

Answer 29

2; 1000s

Question 30

endosymbiont theory suggesting mitochondria are bacteria was proposed by _____ _______

Answer 30

Lynn Margulis

Question 31

there are >_____(#) genes in nuclear DNA, ___ genes in mitochondrial

Answer 31

>30,000; 37

Question 32

there are similar _____ compositions in membranes of bacteria and mitochondria (endosymbiont theory)

Answer 32

lipid

Question 33

bacterial and mitochondrial genomes are ______ (shape) (endosymbiant theory

Answer 33

circular

Question 34

bacteria and mitochondria have similar ____ (endosymbiant theory)

Answer 34

rRNA

Question 35

In yeast, mitochondria are contributed by . . ., in humans . . .

Answer 35

yeast - both parents | humans - mother

Question 36

Mutations in essential mitochondrial genes, or nuclear genes that affect mitochondrial function, results in a slow-growth phenotype on non-fermentable sugars (called _____)

Answer 36

petite

Question 37

the high mutation rate of mitochondria suggests that the _____ mechanism IS / IS NOT as efficient as nuclear DNA

Answer 37

repair mechanism IS NOT

Question 38

the high mutation rate of mitochondria suggests that there are many mutagenic ____ ________ around mitochondria

Answer 38

free radicals

Question 39

yeast petite colonies are _____ than normal colonies

Answer 39

smaller

Question 40

in segregational mutation in yeast petites the offspring will be . . .

Answer 40

1/2 petite, 1/2 normal

Question 41

in neutral mutation in yeast petites the offspring will be . . .

Answer 41

all normal

Question 42

in suppressive mutation in yeast petites the offspring will be . . .

Answer 42

all petite

Question 43

myoclonic epilepsy and ragged red fiber disease is abbreviated . . .

Answer 43

MERRF

Question 44

ataxia, deafness, dementia, and epileptic seizures are all due to . . .

Answer 44

MERRF (myoclonic epilepsy and ragged red fiber disease)

Question 45

muscle fibers exhibit blotchy red patches resulting from the proliferation of aberrant (non-normal) _________ in what condition . . .

Answer 45

mitochondria; MERRF

Question 46

in general, all the mitochondria in an individual are genetically _______

Answer 46

identical

Question 47

________ - the existence of a uniform population of organelles within a cell or an individual

Answer 47

homoplasmy

Question 48

________ - the existence of a variety of organelles within a cell or individual

Answer 48

heteroplasmy

Question 49

proportion of mutant mitochondria determines the severity of the _____ phenotype

Answer 49

MERFF

Question 50

HIGH / LOW energy requirement = least tolerant of mutant mitochondria

Answer 50

high

Question 51

Tissues with LOW / HIGH energy requirements (e.g., skin) are only affected when the proportion of wild- type mitochondria is greatly reduced.

Answer 51

low

Question 52

_______ component: stored in egg as mRNA, protein and organization

Answer 52

maternal

Question 53

_________ (______) component: newly transcribed from the embryonic genome

Answer 53

embryonic (zygotic)

Question 54

the _______ of the mother determines the inheritance of maternal effect genes

Answer 54

genotype

Question 55

_____ diseases are called spongiform encephalopathies because of post mortem appearance of the brain large vacuoles in the cortex and cerebellum

Answer 55

prion

Question 56

scrapie, TME, CWD, BSE (mad cow), CJ, GSS, FFI, Kuru all examples of _____ diseases

Answer 56

prion

Question 57

______ resist inactivation by procedures that modify nucleic acids.

Answer 57

prions

Question 58

UV treatment's effect on prions (scrapie)

Answer 58

none

Question 59

the infectious prion PrP^Sc similarities to PrP^C are . . .

Answer 59

exact same

Question 60

knockout mice lacking PrP are resistant to ______

Answer 60

prions

Question 61

In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a cross between a haploid suppressive petite mutant and a haploid wild type results in petite diploid progeny. This is because of . . .

Answer 61

deletions in the mtDNA

Question 62

nonfunctional mutant mitochondria proliferation advantage in ________ petite because there are deletions in the mtDNA

Answer 62

suppressive

Question 63

The transmission of prion is sensitive to the treatment of

Answer 63

protease

Question 64

The maternal-effect mutation torso (tor) is recessive. In the absence of the torso protein product, embryogenesis is not completed (missing both head and tail structures). Consider a cross between a female heterozygous for the torso (tor+/tor-) and a male homozygous for the mutation (tor-/tor-).

Answer 64

all are normal