Endocrine Study Guide

Question 1

are most feedback mechanisms negative or positive

Answer 1

negative

Question 2

is the control of blood glucose negative or positive feedback?

Answer 2

negative .
The control of blood sugar (glucose) by insulin is another good example of a negative feedback mechanism.
When blood sugar rises, receptors in the body sense a change . In turn, the control center (pancreas) secretes insulin into the blood effectively lowering blood sugar levels. Once blood sugar levels reach homeostasis, the pancreas stops releasing insulin

Question 3

what is the difference between positive and negative feedback?

Answer 3

With negative feedback, the output reduces the original effect of the stimulus. In a positive feedback system, the output enhances the original stimulus.

Question 4

is the release of oxytocin negative or positive feedback?

Answer 4

A good example of a positive feedback system is child birth. During labor, a hormone called oxytocin is released that intensifies and speeds up contractions. The increase in contractions causes more oxytocin to be released and the cycle goes on until the baby is born. The birth ends the release of oxytocin and ends the positive feedback mechanism.

Question 5

is blood clot formation negative or positive feedback

Answer 5

positive

Question 6

one more time: what is the difference between negative and positive feedback

Answer 6

Just remember that positive feedback mechanisms enhance the original stimulus and negative feedback mechanisms inhibit it.

Question 7

what is a goiter?

Answer 7

The term “goiter” simply refers to the abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland.

Question 8

what could cause a goiter?

Answer 8

A goiter can occur in a gland that is producing too much hormone (hyperthyroidism), too little hormone (hypothyroidism), or the correct amount of hormone (euthyroidism). A goiter indicates there is a condition present which is causing the thyroid to grow abnormally

Question 9

what does hyperthyrodisism mean

Answer 9

a gland that is producing too much hormone

Question 10

what does hypothyroidism mean

Answer 10

too little hormone (hypothyroidism),

Question 11

what does (euthyroidism) mean?

Answer 11

or the correct amount of hormone (euthyroidism)

Question 12

if you get your thyroid removed what is it called

Answer 12

thyroidectomy

Question 13

if you get your entire thyroid taken out what happens

Answer 13

you will develop hypothyroidism and need to take man-made (synthetic) thyroid hormone for the rest of your life.

Question 14

what is it called when your pituitary gland is removed

Answer 14

Hypophysectomy is the surgical removal of the hypophysis (pituitary gland).

Question 15

what happens if your you get your pituitary gland removed?

Answer 15

Medications that are given as hormone replacement therapy following a complete hypophysectomy (removal of the pituitary gland) are often glucocorticoids.

Question 16

when t3 and t4 levels are low in the blood , what is released?

Answer 16

When T3 and T4 levels are too low in the blood, TRH is released from the hypothalamus

Question 17

where is TRH released from

Answer 17

the hypothalamus

Question 18

what does TRH stimulate

Answer 18

stimulates the anterior pituitary gland to produce more TSH

Question 19

what does TSH stimulate

Answer 19

TSH stimulates the thyroid gland to produce more T3 and T4 in order to compensate for the decreased levels of these thyroid hormones in the blood.

Question 20

what is type 1 diabetes

Answer 20

Type 1 diabetes is an immune disorder in which the body attacks and destroys insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas.

Question 21

what kind of cells are destroyed in type 1 diabetes

Answer 21

beta cells

Question 22

what happens to glucose levels in type 1 diabetes

Answer 22

As a result, the body cannot produce insulin and glucose stays in the blood, where it damages all the organ systems

Question 23

what cant people with type 1 diabetes create

Answer 23

insulin

Question 24

what is type 2 diabetes

Answer 24

Type 2 diabetes is a disorder in which either the body does not produce enough insulin, or the cells ignore the insulin.

Question 25

what does type 2 diabetes cause

Answer 25

Similar to type 1 diabetes, type 2 causes a build-up of glucose in the blood which damages the body’s organ systems. This form of the disease is commonly referred to as adult-onset diabetes.

Question 26

what kind of cells produce glucagon

Answer 26

Glucagon is a peptide hormone, produced by alpha cells of the pancreas,

Question 27

what does glucagon do in the body

Answer 27

raises the concentration of glucose in the bloodstream.

Question 28

do glucagon and insulin have the same effect in the body

Answer 28

Its effect is opposite that of insulin, which lowers the glucose concentration.

Question 29

what cells create insulin

Answer 29

Insulin is a peptide hormone, produced by beta cells in the pancreas,

Question 30

what is the function of insulin

Answer 30

and is central to regulating carbohydrate and fat metabolism in the body. It causes cells in the skeletal muscles, and fat tissue to absorb glucose from the blood.

Question 31

what is the function of CRH

Answer 31

Its main function is the stimulation of the pituitary synthesis of ACTH, as part of the HPA Axis.

Question 32

Where is cortisol released

Answer 32

it is released by the adrenal gland

Question 33

what is the function of cortisol?

Answer 33

Cortisol is what is responsible for shutting down the immune response and increasing glucose uptake in the body when the body is threatened.

Question 34

what is cushings syndrome

Answer 34

Cushing syndrome is a disorder that occurs when your body is exposed to high levels of the hormone cortisol. It may also occur if you take too much cortisol or other steroid hormones

Question 35

what is cushings disease

Answer 35

Cushing disease is a condition in which the pituitary gland releases too much adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). The pituitary gland is an organ of the endocrine system.

Question 36

what is addisons disease

Answer 36

Addison’s disease is a disorder that occurs when your body produces insufficient amounts of certain hormones produced by your adrenal glands. In Addison’s disease, your adrenal glands produce too little cortisol and often insufficient levels of aldosterone as well.

Question 37

what does intragenic mean

Answer 37

Intragenic= of or relating to illness caused by medical examination or treatment.

Question 38

how does intragenic relate to cushings disease

Answer 38

Cushing’s disease is also known as hyperadrenocorticism, or the overproduction of adrenal hormone, corticosteroids. Hyperadrenocorticism can be caused by natural phenomenon; however, most often it is caused by the overuse of corticosteroids in veterinary medicine. This is referred to as iatrogenic Cushing’s disease.