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Old Higher Human Biology > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Catalyst

A

A substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction.

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2
Q

Enzyme

A

Protein that acts as a biological catalyst.

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3
Q

Active site

A

The area of an enzyme where the catalysed reaction occurs.

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4
Q

Substrate

A

The specific substance that an enzyme acts upon.

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5
Q

Denatured

A

loss of an enzyme’s normal shape so that it no longer functions; caused by a less than optimal pH and temperature.

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6
Q

Competitive Inhibitor

A

An enzyme inhibitor that competes with substrate for binding at the active site of the enzyme. Success depends on concentration.

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7
Q

Noncompetitive Inhibitor

A

A substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by binding to a location remote from the active site, changing its conformation so that it no longer binds to the substrate.

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8
Q

Co-enzyme

A

A chemical that works with an enzyme (e.g. NAD).

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9
Q

Peptide Bonds

A

The bonds connecting amino acids together to form polypeptide chains.

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10
Q

Primary structure of a protein refers to

A

the number and sequence of amino acids held together by peptide bonds in a polypeptide chain

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11
Q

Secondary Structure of protein refers to

A

The coiled shape the polypeptide chain forms as a result of weak hydrogen bonds between certain amino acids

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12
Q

Tertiary Structure of a protein refers to

A

The shape of the coiled polypeptide chain forms when further bonding causes it to fold or twist

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13
Q

Striated Muscle

A

A muscle that appears banded; also called skeletal muscle.

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14
Q

Actin

A

Thin filament in muscle.

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15
Q

Myosin

A

Thick filament in muscle.

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16
Q

Sliding Filament Theory

A

Theory which says that the myofilaments do not become any shorter during contraction and instead slide over each other.

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17
Q

DNA stands for

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid.

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18
Q

Nucleotides are

A

Basic units of DNA molecule, composed of deoxyribose sugar, a phosphate, and one of 4 DNA bases.

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19
Q

Sugar-phosphate Backbone

A

The alternating chain of sugar and phosphate to which the DNA and RNA bases are attached.

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20
Q

Hydrogen Bonds

A

Weak chemical bonds that hold nucelotides together.

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21
Q

Nucleotide Pairing

A

Principle that bonds in DNA can form only between adenine and thymine and between guanine and cytosine.

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22
Q

Double Helix

A

Two strands of nucleotides wound about each other; structure of DNA.

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23
Q

RNA

A

Ribonucleic acid.

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24
Q

RNA Nucleotide

A

Ribose sugar, one of 4 RNA bases and a phosphate.§

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25
Q

Base A is

A

Adenine

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26
Q

Base T is

A

Thymine

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27
Q

Base U is

A

Uracil

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28
Q

Base C is

A

Cytosine

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29
Q

Base G is

A

Guanine

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30
Q

mRNA is

A

Messenger ribonucleic acid.

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31
Q

Codon

A

Three-nucleotide sequence on mRNA that codes for a single amino acid.

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32
Q

tRNA is

A

Transfer ribonucleic acid.

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33
Q

Anti- Codon

A

Group of three bases on a tRNA molecule that are complementary to an mRNA codon.

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34
Q

The Nucleolus controls the

A

synthesis of RNA and other components needed to build ribosomes

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35
Q

Ribosome acts as site where

A

tRNA and mRNA meet protein is synthesized.

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36
Q

Protein always contains what four elements

A

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen.

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37
Q

In addition to the CHON elements what other element does protein often contain

A

Sulphur

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38
Q

RER stand for?

A

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum.

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39
Q

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Provides a large surface area for chemical reactions to occur upon and a pathway for the the transport of materials.

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40
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

Processes and packages complex molecules ready for discharge from the cell.

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41
Q

Golgi Vesicle

A

Carries complex molecules to plasm membrane for discharge.

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42
Q

The RER is located close to the nucelus so that the mRNA

A

doesn’t have to travel far to reach it.

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43
Q

Lysosome

A

Contains enzymes which digest worn out organelles and microorganisms. Example - Macrophages

44
Q

Nucleus

A

Contains DNA, the genetic instructions to make proteins and control inherited characteristics.

45
Q

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

plays various roles such as the site of enzyme reactions which produce steroid hormones.

46
Q

Mitochondria

A

where aerobic respiration occurs, power station of cell

47
Q

An optical microscope can magnify

A

500,000 times

48
Q

Transcription takes place in the

A

nucleus

49
Q

Transcription uses what as a template?

A

DNA

50
Q

The product of transcription is

A

mRNA

51
Q

Translation takes place in the

A

ribosomes

52
Q

Translation uses what as a template?

A

mRNA

53
Q

The product of translation is

A

tRNA

54
Q

The sub-units used in Transcription are

A

RNA nucleotides

55
Q

The transcription sequence is determined by

A

DNA

56
Q

The Translation sub-units used are

A

RNA & Amino Acids

57
Q

The Translation sequence is determined by

A

mRNA

58
Q

The number of nucleotide trends present in one molecule of RNA is

A

1

59
Q

The number of nucleotide trends present in one molecule of DNA is

A

2

60
Q

In RNA the complementary base pair of Adenine is

A

Uracil

61
Q

In DNA the complementary base pair of Adenine is

A

Thymine

62
Q

The name of the sugar present in an RNA nucelotide molecule is

A

Ribose

63
Q

The name of the sugar present in a DNA nucelotide molecule is

A

Deoxyribose

64
Q

A triplet of bases is called a

A

Codon

65
Q

Each amino acid is coded for by

A

3 bases

66
Q

The first step of Transcription is

A

DNA becomes unwound

67
Q

The second step of Transcription is

A

The weak Hydrogen bonds break, DNA molecules unzips and the bases are exposed

68
Q

The third step of Transcription is

A

The three DNA nucleotides joins with the complementary base pair

69
Q

The fourth step of Transcription is

A

Weak Hydrogen bonds form between bases

70
Q

The fifth step of Transcription is

A

Peptide bonds join the phosphate and sugar

71
Q

The sixth step of Transcription is

A

New daughter DNA molecule winds up into double helix

72
Q

Protein Synthesis is the

A

transcription of DNA into mRNA

73
Q

The requirements for transcription are:

A

DNA template, ATP, Enzymes, RNA nucleotides

74
Q

The DNA leaves the nucleus through

A

a nuclear membrane pore

75
Q

The first step in Transcription is

A

DNA unzips

76
Q

The second step in Transcription is

A

Weak Hydrogen bonds break

77
Q

The third step in Transcription is

A

Free RNA nucleotides line up opposite complementary bases

78
Q

The fourth step in Transcription is

A

Weak Hydrogen bonds form between bases (Temporary)

79
Q

The fifth step in Transcription is

A

Strong bonds form between sugar and phosphate of RNA (RNA polymerase)

80
Q

The sixth step in Transcription is

A

Weak Hydrogen bonds break and mRNA dissociates from DNA

81
Q

Transfer RNA is written as

A

tRNA

82
Q

An anti codon is complementary to a

A

codon

83
Q

Requirements for Translation are

A

mRNA, Ribosomes, tRNA, Amino Acids, Enzymes and ATP

84
Q

2 kinds of cell

A

prokaryotic and Eukaryotic

85
Q

Prokaryotic cell is a cell

A

without a nucelus

86
Q

A Eukaryotic cell is a cell

A

with nucleus

87
Q

Fluid in the rough endoplasmic reticulum helps what travel easily?

A

Protein

88
Q

A competitive inhibitor is affected by both

A

Concentration of inhibitor and concentration of substrate

89
Q

A non competitive inhibitor is affected by only

A

concentration of inhibitor

90
Q

Two types of protein are

A

Fibrous and globular

91
Q

A fibrous protein is when

A

Several polypeptides link in parallel lines by bonds between them.

92
Q

3 examples of a fibrous protein are

A

Elastin used in the wall of large arteries, collagen used in bone and keratin used in hair

93
Q

Globular protein is when

A

Several polypeptide chains are folded together into a spherical shape.

94
Q

3 examples of globular proteins are

A

Enzymes, hormones and antibodies

95
Q

The quaternary structure is the fourth structure of protein and occurs when

A

Different polypeptide chains combine sometimes with a non protein part

96
Q

Muscle fibre is made up of lots of smaller fibres called

A

Myofibril

97
Q

An example of a conjugated protein is

A

Haemoglobin

98
Q

When a muscle fibre contracts

A

actin filaments slide over myosin filaments towards the centre.

99
Q

The thick muscle filament is

A

Myosin

100
Q

The thin muscle filament is

A

actin

101
Q

Biochemical reactions that occur inside cells are controlled by

A

intracellular enzymes

102
Q

Biochemical reactions that occur outside the cells are controlled by

A

extracellular enzymes

103
Q

Factors that affect enzyme rate are:

A

Temperature, pH and supply of substrate

104
Q

The number of substrate molecules that can be acted upon by an enzyme is called its

A

turnover number

105
Q

Complementary base pairs are joined by

A

weak hydrogen bons

106
Q

In RNA Uracil replaces

A

Thymine

107
Q

Uracil pairs with

A

Adenine

Old Higher Human Biology (7 decks)

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