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Old Higher Human Biology > Unit 1 - Immunity and Viruses > Flashcards

Unit 1 - Immunity and Viruses Flashcards

1
Q

Membranes have a combination of _________ that are unique to an individual

A

surface proteins

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2
Q

The only exception of unique surface proteins are in

A

identical twins

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3
Q

The immune system can recognize the combination of membrane antigenic molecules as ______ antigens

A

‘self’

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4
Q

Foreign antigens are recognized as being _______ and are ________

A

non-self, destroyed

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5
Q

Safe blood transfusion depends on giving blood to a patient which the immune system will

A

recognize as self

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6
Q

Blood from group O donors do not have any

A

antigens

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7
Q

Blood group O can be given to

A

anybody

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8
Q

Group O are what type of donor?

A

universal donors

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9
Q

What blood group doesn’t have any antigens?

A

Group O

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10
Q

Blood group A can be given what blood groups?

A

Blood group A and AB

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11
Q

Blood group A can’t be given to blood group O or blood group B because blood group A has

A

anti-A antibodies

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12
Q

Blood group B can be given to what blood groups?

A

Blood groups B and AB

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13
Q

Blood group B can’t be given to blood groups A or O because they have

A

Anti-B antibodies

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14
Q

Blood group AB patients do not have any blood group antibodies so therefore can

A

receive blood from anyone

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15
Q

Blood group AB can receive blood from anyone so are known as

A

universal recipients

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16
Q

If the wrong blood was given to a person, what would happen?

A

The donated blood cells would stick together and block blood vessels and the patient would die

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17
Q

Antibodies are what?

A

Proteins synthesized by lymphocytes in response to the presence of foreign antigens

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18
Q

Antibodies are synthesised by

A

lymphocytes of the immune system

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19
Q

Antibodies are produced when?

A

there are foreign ‘non-self’ antigens detected

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20
Q

Antibodies are what shape?

A

Y

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21
Q

Antibodies have a receptor for a specific

A

antigen

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22
Q

Antibodies have receptors on the end of each

A

arm of the Y

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23
Q

The receptors in an antibody are for a

A

specific antigen

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24
Q

Antibodies bind to antigens causing the foreign cells to

A

clump together

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25
Q

By causing the foreign cells to clump together the antibodies render the foreign cells

A

harmless

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26
Q

Once rendered harmless by the antibodies, the foreign cells are

A

destroyed by the macrophages

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27
Q

In the presence of an antigen B-lymphocytes

A

multiply

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28
Q

What lymphocyte multiplies in the presence of an antigen ?

A

B-lymphocyte

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29
Q

When b-lymphocytes multiply in the presence of an antigen this is called a

A

cellular response

30
Q

Some b-lymphocytes become

A

memory cells

31
Q

Some b-lymphocytes become memory cells so that they are ready to respond to the

A

same antigen in the future

32
Q

Most b-lymphocytes produce antibodies specific to that antigen and this is known as the

A

humoral response

33
Q

B-lymphocytes produce antibodies specific to

A

a specific antigen

34
Q

A humoral response is when

A

B-lymphocytes produce an antibody specific to an specific antigen

35
Q

T-lymphocytes are also known as

A

Killer T Cells

36
Q

T-lymphocytes role is to

A

attack and kill infected cells

37
Q

T-lymphocytes kill body cells that signal they have been invaded this is called a

A

cell mediated response

38
Q

T-lymphocytes kill infected cells by

A

injecting a chemical which perforates the cell membrane destroying the cell.

39
Q

Macrophages engulf cells marked by antibodies in a process known as

A

phagocytosis

40
Q

Cells marked by antibodies are engulfed in phagocytosis by

A

macrophages

41
Q

A vacuole enclosing the invading cells merges with

A

lysosomes

42
Q

lysosomes contain

A

protein digestive enzymes

43
Q

The term innate immunity describes

A

the natural barriers we are born with

44
Q

Innate immunity prevents

A

disease organisms entering the body

45
Q

An example of innate immunity we are born with is

A

our skin

46
Q

The immune system responds to a second infection ______ than the first

A

faster

47
Q

The body responds quicker to a second infection because it has

A

natural immunity

48
Q

Active immunity is stimulated artificially by a

A

vaccination

49
Q

A vaccine has a disease or virus that has been

A

killed, weakened or attenuated

50
Q

A vaccine is active immunity because a _________ is triggered in response to it

A

full immune response

51
Q

An example of artificial active immunity is

A

a vaccine

52
Q

In response to a vaccine the body produces

A

its own memory cells

53
Q

A short term natural passive immunity is

A

mothers passing antibodies through the placenta or in breast milk

54
Q

An artificial passive immunity is when a person is

A

injected with antibodies made by another animal

55
Q

Autoimmunity is when lymphocytes attack the bodies

A

own cells

56
Q

An example of an autoimmune disease is

A

rheumatoid arthritis or multiple sclerosis.

57
Q

An allergy is a hypersensitive immune system response of

A

memory lymphocytes to the antigens in harmless substances.

58
Q

Phagocytosis has 3 steps to it, step 1:

A

A phagocyte’s cytoplasm contains a rich supply of organelles called lysosomes which contain digestive enxymes.

59
Q

Phagocytosis Step 2:

A

Some of the lysosomes fuse with the vacuole and release their enzymes into it.

60
Q

Phagocytosis Step 3:

A

The bacterium becomes digested and the breakdown products are absorbed

61
Q

An example of natural active immunity is

A

infection by pathogen leading to a full immune response

62
Q

An obligate parasite is a

A

virus

63
Q

Viruses are not

A

cells

64
Q

Viruses contain:

A

one type of nucleic acid (either DNA or RNA) surrounded by a protein coat

65
Q

If a virus contains RNA then it is an

A

retrovirus

66
Q

Invasion of a cell by a virus: Stage 1 -

A

A virus attaches itself to a host cell and thrusts tail through cell wall

67
Q

Invasion of a cell by a virus: Stage 2 -

A

The virus injects its DNA into a host cell

68
Q

Invasion of a cell by a virus: Stage 3 -

A

Viral DNA replicates using bacterial nucleotides

69
Q

Invasion of a cell by a virus: Stage 4 -

A

Viral DNA is transcribed into viral mRNA which directs formation of protein coats using bacterial amino acids

70
Q

Invasion of a cell by a virus: Stage 5 -

A

Each viral DNA becomes enclosed in a protein coat

71
Q

Invasion of a cell by a virus: Stage 6 -

A

Host cell bursts releasing many copies of virus

Old Higher Human Biology (7 decks)

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