Cell disease and death Flashcards
On an H&E stain, what structures turn blue and which red?
Eosin turns cytoplasm, RBC’s and collagen RED
Hemotoxylin turn nuclei and bacteria BLUE (anything with DNA)
What is the difference between necrosis and apoptosis
Necrosis - the death of most or all of the cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury, or failure of blood supply. Has an INFLAMMATORY response.
Apoptosis - Specialized cell death with no inflammation. Programmed cell death.
What are common causes of cellular injury?
1 most common: Hypoxia - lack of oxygen (most common cause of hypoxia is ischemia)
- Infection
- Immunologic reactions
- Congenital disorders
- Chemical Injury - drugs poison
- Physical forms of injury - trauma burns, frostbite, radiation,
- Nutritional or vitamin imbalances
Think Hippos Infect Immunology Con Chemicals In Nuts
What vitamin deficiencies lead to which diseases?
Vitamin A - Squamous metaplasia, immune deficiency , night blindness
Vitamin C - Scurvy
Vitamin D - Rickets and Osteomalcia
Vitamin K - Bleeding Diathesis
Vitamin B12 - Megaloblastic anemia, neuropathy, spinal chord degeneration,
Folate (B9) - Megaloblastic anemia, Nerual Tube Defects
Niacin (b#) - Pellagra (diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia)
When does cloud swelling occur?
- Whenever cells are not able to maintain IONIC and FLUID homeostasis.
- Decreased ATP and concentration. NA pump activity cause NA and water to accumulate intracellularly (Calcium also rises)
- The result is an ISOSMOTIC GAIN OF WATER
- This is all a response to injury
Where do free radicals come from?
Many free radical are oxygen derived. They come in the form of superoxide anion, hydroxyl radical, hydrogen peroxide and in eosinophils.
Processed such at UV light - metabolism, inflammation, smoking, and air pollution create free radicals
Describe the basic pathway in an injured cell that begins with mitochondrial dysfunction and leads to cellular swelling.
In mitochondrial dysfunction, there is a decrease in oxidative phosphorylation which causes a decrease in ATP. This makes the mitochondria highly permeable. There is then a release of cytochrome c to trigger apoptosis. Na/K ATPase pumps start to fail and this results in an influx of NA and H2O, and an efflux of K. This then cause cellular swelling due to the swelling of the ER.
Remember this story. We are sitting on the beach sunbathing, and we are out there soooo long we start getting lazier and lazier. We are so lazy we even stop breathing (oxidative phoshorylation), our energy goes way down (decreased ATP), we are sweating so much! (high permeable. All of the sudden, we lose our sight (cytochrome) and can’t see anything (C). We think we are going to die! (apoptosis). I realize I need water, so I jump in the ocean and start gulping it down (influx of NA and H20), but all its doing is floshing out my potassium. I swell up like a balloon from all the salt water and have to go the ER. My memory is very cloudy about the whole event.
What is the significance of anaplasia and what are the two chief findings of anaplasia?
De-differentiation of cells is anaplasia and will show:
- “brick-like” pattern
- a dramatic increase of the nuclear:cytoplasmic ratio.
Know the difference between primary, secondary, and tertiary intentions
Primary - approximate wound edges and close; decrease scarring and heals well
Secondary - wound edges do not become approximated and become filled with granulous tissue and fibrin
Tertiary - keep open for a period of time in order to prevent infection or edema
What is the different between hypoplasia and a genesis?
Hypoplasia - defective formation or incomplete development
Agenesis - absence/failure of formation
Know the different basic types of stem cells
Totipotent - Can form all cell types in the body
(Ex): embryonic cells within the first couple of days are the only cells that are totipotent
Pluripotent - Can give rise to all of the cell types that make up the body
(Ex): embryonic stem cells
Multipotene - Cells can develop into more than once cell type, but are more limited than pluripotent cells
(Ex) adult set, cells and chord blood stem cells
What basic tissue types have labile, stable, and permanent cells?
Labile cells - continuously dividing: epidermis, mucosal epithelium, GI tract epithelium
Stable cells - low level of replication: hepatocytes, renal tubular epithelium, pancreatic acini
Permanent cells - never divide: Nerve cells, cardiac, myocytes, skeletal muscle
What are the three stage of fracture healing?
Procallus - provides anchorage, but no structural rigidity, HEMOTOMA
Fibrocartilagenous callous - temporary formation of fibroblasts and chondroblasts
Osseous callous - osteoblasts and minerals come rushing in
What is the difference between a traumatic fracture and a pathologic fracture?
Pathologic - a broken bone caused by disease leading the weakness in the bone (like with cancer or osteoporosis)
Traumatic - fracture is due to injury
Pathology
the study of the essential nature and characteristic of disease (S&S, complications, pathogenesis, etc).
