Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Adam G. > Med-Surg Ch. 32 Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Med-Surg Ch. 32 Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three layers of the heart and the surrounding sack called?

A

Inner: Endocardium
Middle: Myocardium
Outer: Epicardium
Surrounding sack: Pericardium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the inner and outer layers of the pericarial sac called?

A

Inner - visceral layer

Outer - parietal layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What lubricates the parietal space between the epicardium and the pericardium?

A

Paricardial fluid (approximately 10 to 15 mL)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the four valves in the heart called?

A

Mitral, Tricuspid, Pulmonic, and Aortic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

True or false: Blood flows into the heart’s two main coronary arteries during systole (contraction of the myocardium)?

A

False

Blood flows into the coronary arteries during diastole (relaxation of the myocardium)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the two main branches of the left coronary artery called? What parts of the heart to they supply blood to?

A

The left anterior descending artery and the left circumflex artery.
They supply blood to the left atrium, the left ventricle, the interventricular septum, and a portion of the right ventricle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Which coronary artery often causes the more serious defects in cardiac conduction when blocked?

A

The right coronary artery (because it supplies blood to the AV node and the bundle of His in 90% of people)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

True or false: The “coronary sinus” is a large channel that empties blood from the coronary veins into the right atrium?

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the electrical impulse that travels through nerve tissue to trigger a contraction called?

A

An action potential

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What do the following waves of the electrocardiogram (ECG) signify:

  1. ) P wave
  2. ) QRS complex
  3. ) T wave
  4. ) U wave (if present)
A
  1. ) P wave: Depolarization of the atria
  2. ) QRS complex: depolarization of the AV node throughout the ventricles
  3. ) T wave: Repolarization of the ventricles
  4. ) U wave: Either repolarization of the Purkinje fibers or associated wtih hypokalemia.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is systole?

A

Contraction of the myocardium, resulting in ejection of blood from the ventricles.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is diastole?

A

Relaxation of the myocardium, allowing blood to fill the ventricles.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is cardiac output? What is the equation that equals cardiac output?

A

The amount of blood pumped by each ventricle in 1 minute.

CO = Stroke volume x Heart Rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the cardiac index?

A

The CO divided by the body surface area (BSA). This number adjusts to changes in body size. Normal CI is 2.8 to 4.2 L per minute per meter squared.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What factors can affect cardiac output?

A
  1. ) HR

2. ) SV (affected by preload, contractility, and afterload)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the Frank-Starling law that applies to cardiac output?

A

To a point, the more the myocardial fibers are stretched, the greater their force of contraction. Defines “preload”, “contractility”, and “afterload”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is preload?

A

The volume of blood in the ventricles at the end of diastole, before the next contraction. Determines the amount of stretch placed on myocardial fibers.

*Can be increased by conditions such as MI, aortic stenosis, and hypervolemia.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What increases contractility of the heart? What effect does an increase in contractility have?

A

Contractility can be increased by epinephrine and norepinephrine. Increasing contractility raises the SV by increasing ventricular emptying.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is afterload?

A

The peripheral resistance against which the left ventrical must pump. Afterload is affected by the size of the ventricle, wall tension, and arterial BP.

20
Q

What is cardiac reserve?

A

The ability to respond to demands on the heart (e.g., exercise, stress, hypovolemia) by altering CO.

21
Q

What serve as the major control of arterial BP?

A

Arterioles

22
Q

What is the innermost lining of arteries called?

A

Endothelium

23
Q

What are the functions of the endothelium of arteries?

A
  1. ) Maintain homeostasis
  2. ) Promote blood flow
  3. ) Inhibit blood coagulation (under normal conditions)
24
Q

What affect does stimulation of the SNS have on the heart?

A

Increases:

  1. ) HR
  2. ) Speed of impulse conduction through the AV node
  3. ) Force of atrial and ventricular contractions
25
Q

What effect does decreased SNS stimulation of the alpha adrenergic receptors have on the blood vessels?

A

Causes vasodilation

26
Q

What effect does stimulation of the baroreceptors (meaning increased fluid in the CV system) have on the CV system?

A

Decreased HR and peripheral vasodilation

27
Q

What are chemoreceptors and what effect do they have on the body?

A

Receptors that can cause changes in respiratory rate and BP in response to increased carbon dioxide pressure (hypercapnia) and decreased plasma pH (acidosis) and arterial oxygen pressure (hypoxia)

When they are triggered, they stimulate the vasomotor center to increase BP

28
Q

What is systolic BP (SBP)?

A

Peak pressure exerted against arteries when the heart contracts.

29
Q

What is diastolic BP (DBP)?

A

Residual pressure in arterial system during ventricular relaxation (filling)

30
Q

What are the two main factors that influence BP?

A

Cardiac output (CO) and systemic vascular resistance (SVR)

BP = CO x SVR

31
Q

What is stroke volume resistance (SVR)?

A

The force opposing the movement of blood

32
Q

What are Korotkoff sounds?

A

The sounds of turbulent blood flow auscultated to measure BP

33
Q

What is an auscultatory gap?

A

A loss of sound between the SBP and DBP

34
Q

What is pulse pressure?

A

The difference between SBP and DBP (normally it is about one-third of the SBP)

An increased pulse pressure due to an increased SBP may occur during exercise or in individuals with atherosclerosis of the larger arteries.

A decreased pulse pressure may be found in heart failure or hypovolemia.

35
Q

What is mean arterial pressure (MAP)?

A

The average pressure within the arterial system that is felt by organs in the body

MAP = (SBP +2DBP) / 3

36
Q

True or false: Age is a risk factor for CV disease?

A

True. Age is one of the GREATEST risk factors

37
Q

What is the most common cardiovascular problem?

A

Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)

38
Q

The risk for developing kyphosis increases with aging. What assessment findings may be altered as a result of kyphosis?

A
  1. ) Altered chest landmarks for palpation, percussion, and auscultation.
  2. ) Distant heart sounds
39
Q

What causes myocardial hypertrophy in aging? What can myocardial hypertrophy lead to?

A

Caused by:

  1. ) Increased collagen and scarring
  2. ) Elastin

Can lead to:

  1. ) Decreased cardiac reserve
  2. ) Heart failure
40
Q

What changes happen directly to the heart as a result of aging?

A
  1. ) Myocardial hypertrophy
  2. ) Downward displacement
  3. ) Decreased CO, HR, SV in response to exercise or stress
  4. ) Cellular aging and fibrosis of conduction system
  5. ) Valvular rigidity from calcification, sclerosis, or fibrosis, impeding complete closure of valves
41
Q

What changes do blood vessels undergo as a result of aging?

A

Arterial stiffening caused by loss of elastin in arterial walls, thickening of intima or arteries, progressive fibrosis of media, and venous tortuosity increased.

42
Q

How is a murmur produced?

A

Turbulent blood flow across an affected valve.

43
Q

What contributes to the development of heart dysrhythmias as a result of aging?

A

Decreased number of pacemaker cells throughout the heart

44
Q

What two factors contribute to the increase in SBP and the decrease in DBP with aging?

A
  1. ) Arterial and venous blood vessels thicken and become less elastic with age
  2. ) Arteries increase their sensivity to vasopressin (ADH)
45
Q

True or false: Hypertension is a normal part of aging?

A

False

46
Q

List some components of a patient’s history to ask when evaluating cardiovascular health.

A
  1. ) Chest Pain
  2. ) SOB
  3. ) Fatigue
  4. ) Alcohol and Tobacco use
  5. ) Anemia
  6. ) Rheumatic fever
  7. ) Streptococcal throat infections
  8. ) Congenital heart disease
  9. ) CVA
  10. ) Palpitations
  11. ) Dizziness with position changes
  12. ) Syncope
  13. ) HTN
  14. ) Thrombophlebitis
  15. ) Intermittent claudication
  16. ) Varicosities
  17. ) Edema
47
Q

What subjective data can you gather to assess CV health (Table 32-3)

A
  1. ) Past health history
  2. ) Medications (current and past use)
  3. ) Surgeries or Treatments related to CV
  4. ) Health management (risk factors)
  5. ) Nutrition/Weight
  6. ) Elimination pattern
  7. ) Physical Activity
  8. ) Sleep pattern
  9. ) Coping/Stress

Adam G. (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions