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Anatomy Exam 1 > Introduction/Back > Flashcards

Introduction/Back Flashcards

1
Q

What 2 parts of a neuron receive signals?

A

Dendrites (primarily) and Cell Bodies

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2
Q

What part of the neuron transmits a signal?

A

Axon

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3
Q

The CNS consists of the

A

Brain and Spinal Cord

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4
Q

The PNS consists of the

A

Cranial (coming off the brainstem) and Spinal (at every vertebral level) Nerves

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5
Q

There are ___ cervical nerves

A

8

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6
Q

There are ___ thoracic nerves

A

12

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7
Q

There are ___ lumbar nerves

A

5

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8
Q

There are ___ sacral nerves

A

5

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9
Q

There is ____ coccygeal nerve

A

1

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10
Q

Motor nerves are also called ___ and travel from the CNS to the periphery

A

Efferent

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11
Q

Sensory nerves are also called ___ and travel from the periphery to the CNS

A

Afferent

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12
Q

The 5 special senses (somatic) are:

A

Taste, Sight, Hearing, Smell, and Balance

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13
Q

The motor division is divided into what two categories?

A

1) Somatic: conduct impulses to skeletal muscle (for proprioception and cutaneous)
2) Autonomic: conduct impulses to cardiac and smooth muscles, and glands (divides into sym and parasympathetic branches)

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14
Q

A nerve is ____; it is found in the ____

A

A bundle of axons transmitting action potentials in both directions; PNS

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15
Q

A plexus is ____; it is found in the ____

A

A network of nerve fibers; PNS

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16
Q

A ganglion is ____; it is found in the ____

A

A collection of cell bodies of neurons; PNS

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17
Q

A nuclei is _____; it is found in the ____

A

A collection of cell bodies in the CNS

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18
Q

The ____ and _____ come off the gray matter of the spinal cord as precursors to a spinal nerve

A

Dorsal root and Ventral root

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19
Q

The dorsal root is

A

Sensory

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20
Q

The ventral root is

A

Motor

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21
Q

The dorsal and ventral roots come together to form a

A

Spinal Nerve

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22
Q

The dorsal horns of the gray matter of the spinal cord contain the cell bodies of ____

A

Somatic Sensory neurons

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23
Q

The ventral horns of the gray matter of the spinal cord contain the cell bodies of ____

A

Somatic Motor neurons

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24
Q

The lateral horns of the gray matter of the spinal cord contain the cell bodies of ____ and _____

A

Visceral Sensory neurons (dorsal portion of lateral horn) AND Visceral Motor neurons (ventral portion of lateral horn)

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25
Q

The spinal nerves divide into the ____ and ____

A

Anterior and Posterior rami

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26
Q

The anterior rami supplies:

A

the anterior and lateral portions of the body

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27
Q

The posterior rami supplies:

A

the posterior portions of the body

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28
Q

The cervical spinal nerves exit ____ the vertebrae of the same number

A

ABOVE

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29
Q

The thoracic and lumbar spinal nerves exit ____ the vertebrae of the same number

A

BELOW

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30
Q

S1-S4 exit ___ the vertebrae of the same number

A

BELOW

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31
Q

S5 and Co1 exit through the ____

A

Sacral hiatus

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32
Q

The muscles innervated by one spinal nerve are known as a

A

Myotome

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33
Q

The area of skin innervated by one spinal nerve

A

Dermatome

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34
Q

The cutaneous branches of the posterior rami are mostly

A

Sensory

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35
Q

The posterior rami of C1 is called ___; it provides motor innervation to ___

A

Suboccipital nerve (C1); Obliquus capitis superior, Obliquus capitis inferior, Rectus capitis posterior major, and Rectus capitis posterior minor

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36
Q

The posterior rami of C2 is called ____; it senses cutaneous sensory from ___

A

Greater occipital nerve (C2); the back of the head

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37
Q

The posterior rami of C3 is called ___; it senses cutaneous sensory from ___

A

Lesser occipital nerve (C3); the back of the head

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38
Q

Name the layers of the skin superficial to deep

A

Epidermis (epithelial and keratinized)/ Dermis (CT)/ Subcutaneous/Superficial Fascia (connects dermis to muscle, contains fat)/ Deep Fascia (CT)/ Muscle

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39
Q

Fibrous bands that attach the dermis to the deep fascia

A

Skin ligaments

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40
Q

Connective tissue that covers muscles and organs, lines body cavities and bursa

A

Fascia

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41
Q

The superficial muscles of the back are (5):

A

Trapezius, Latissimus dorsi, Rhomboid major, Rhomboid minor, and Levator scapulae

42
Q

The embryonic skeleton is composed of

A

Hyaline cartilage

43
Q

There are two types of bone development:

A

Intramembranous and Endochondral

44
Q

In this development, the mesenchyme directly ossifies into bone

A

Intramembranous

45
Q

In this development, the mesenchyme forms a cartilaginous model of bone and the cartilage is replaced by bones during development

A

Endochondral

46
Q

The cranial bones and the clavicle form by

A

Intramembranous ossification

47
Q

The long bones of the limbs form by

A

Endochondral ossification

48
Q

Primary ossification centers appear in the ___; secondary ossification centers appear in ________

A

embryo/fetus; childhood/adolescence

49
Q

The primary ossification center is also called the

A

Diaphysis

50
Q

The secondary ossification center is known as the

A

Epiphysis

51
Q

Areas of stress in the body are likely to have extra bone developments known as

A

Supernumerary bones (in the skull near sutures, in horse riders thighs)

52
Q

Kyphosis occurs in the ___ and ___ regions

A

thoracic and sacral

53
Q

Lordosis occurs in the ____ and ____

A

cervical and lumbar

54
Q

The vertebral body consists of the ____ (fibrocartilage in rings) and the ____ (gelatinous center)

A

Annulus fibrosis and nucleus pulposus

55
Q

A weakness in the annulus fibrosis resulting in the nucleus pulposus pushing out is called

A

herniated disk

56
Q

A herniated disk is more likely to happen where?

A

In the posterio-lateral regions

57
Q

The joints of the vertebral bodies are:

A

symphyses

58
Q

Movements at the vertebral body (5):

A

Flexion, Extension, Lateral flexion, Rotation, and Circumduction

59
Q

The anterior portion of the vertebral column is covered by the ____, which resists hyperextension

A

Anterior longitudinal ligament

60
Q

The posterior space within the vertebral canal is covered by the _____, which resists hyperflexion as well as helps prevent disk herniation

A

Posterior longitudinal ligament

61
Q

The joints between the articulating facets of the vertebrae are ___joints

A

Zygapophyseal joints–plane synovial joints (the gliding at these joints is what allows the movements of the vertebral column)

62
Q

There are primary ossification centers in all vertebrae in the ___ and both ____

A

Centrum of the vertebral body; neural arches

63
Q

The secondary ossification centers in thoracic vertebrae are at the ____ and ____, 2 ______, and the 1 ____:

A

superior and inferior anular epiphyses (located at the annulas fibrosis so that vertebrae can grow in height), 2 transverse processes, and 1 spinous process (these two can grow in length)

64
Q

What travels through the transverse foramen of the cervical vertebrae?

A

Vertebral artery and vein

65
Q

Why is there no primary center for ossification in the centrum of the atlas?

A

There is no centrum in the atlas so that the atlas is able to fuse with the axis at the dens–to allow rotation of the head

66
Q

The primary ossification centers for the atlas are:

A

The 2 neural arches

67
Q

The secondary ossification centers for the atlas are:

A

The 2 transverse processes and the 1 posterior arch

68
Q

What type of joint is at the Atlanto-Occipital joint?

A

Condyloid synovial joint

69
Q

The movement at the Atlanto-Occcipital joint includes (4) movements, but NOT what 1?

A

Allows: flexion, extension, lateral flexion, and circumduction
NO rotation

70
Q

What are the primary ossification centers of the Axis?

A

The 2 neural arches and the 2 centrums

71
Q

What are the 2 centrums of the Axis?

A

The first centrum becomes the dens, the second is the vertebral body of C2

72
Q

What are the secondary ossification centers of the Axis?

A

2 transverse processes, 1 spinous process, and 4 anular epiphyses (1 superior to centrum 1, two between the two centra, and one inferior to centrum 2)

73
Q

The two lateral joints of the Atlanto-axial joints are

A

zygopophyseal joints - plane synovial joints (at the inf. articulating facets of the atlas and the sup. articulating facets of the axis) *allows gliding so extension, flexion, lateral flexion, and circumduction are possible

74
Q

The median Atlanto-axial joint is a

A

Pivot synovial joint- (between the dens of the axis and the anterior arch of the atlas) *allows gliding so ROTATION is possible

75
Q

The transverse ligament of the atlas along with the superior (from the transverse ligament to the occipital bone) and inferior longitudinal bands (from the transverse ligament to the body of C2) form the

A

Cruciate ligament

76
Q

The posterior longitudinal ligament passes superiorly through the foramen magnum and attaches to the floor of the occipital bone as the

A

Tectorial membrane

77
Q

The ligaments that extend from the sides of the dens of the axis to the lateral margins of the foramen magnum are the

A

Alar ligaments

78
Q

A cervical rib, a rib developing from the costal elements of a cervical vertebrae, can create a clinical problem because of what?

A

Compression of the subclavian artery or influence on the brachial plexus

79
Q

The secondary ossification centers of cervical vertebrae are at:

A

The 2 transverse processes, the 1 spinous process, and the 2 anular epiphyses

80
Q

Where are the 3 costal facets of thoracic vertebrae found?

A

There are 2 on each side of the vertebral body (inferior and superior costal facets) as well as one on each transverse process (transverse costal facet)

81
Q

There are two sets of extra processes on only lumbar vertebrae-they are:

A

The mammillary processes Iocated posteriorly to the articular facets) and the accessory processes (inferior processes off of the medial portion of the transverse processes)

82
Q

The primary ossification centers on the lumbar vertebrae are at:

A

The 2 neural arches and 1 centrum

83
Q

The secondary ossification centers on the lumbar vertebrae are at:

A

The 2 mammillary processes, 1 spinous process, and 2 anular epiphyses

84
Q

If a costal element does not enlarge into a rib it becomes

A

part of the transverse process

85
Q

What is located in the sacral canal of the embryo?

A

Spinal cord, roots, vessels

86
Q

What is located in the sacral canal of an adult?

A

Dorsal and Ventral roots—cauda equina

87
Q

The costal elements of the sacrum form the

A

lateral mass of the sacrum

88
Q

What makes up the median sacral crest?

A

The fused spinous processes of the sacral vertebrae

89
Q

What make up the intermediate sacral crests?

A

The fused articular processes of the sacral vertebrae

90
Q

What make up the lateral sacral crests?

A

The fused transverse processes of the sacral vertebrae

91
Q

What are the sacral and coccygeal cornua?

A

Essentially the inferior articular process of the sacrum and the superior articular process of the coccyx

92
Q

The primary ossification centers of the sacrum are at

A

The centrum and 2 neural arches of each sacral vertebrae (5 centrums and 10 neural arches)

93
Q

The secondary ossification centers of the sacrum are at

A

The 10 anular epiphyses (S1-S5), 3-4 spinous processes (S1-S3, maybe S4), 6-10 transverse processes (S3-S5, sometimes S1 and S2), and 2 mammillary processes at superior articular process of S1

94
Q

Do the intervertebral discs of the sacrum ossify?

A

Typically they do not unless you are very old–normally there are still remnants of the discs

95
Q

The primary ossification centers for the coccyx are at

A

The centrum for each coccygeal vertebrae (Co1-Co4)

96
Q

The secondary ossification centers for the coccyx are at

A

The 2 neural arches for Co1 and the 2 transverse processes of Co1

97
Q

The nuchal ligament attaches at (3)

A

The external occipital protuberance, the external occipital crest, and the tips of the spinous processes of the cervical vertebrae

98
Q

The nuchal ligament becomes the supraspinous ligament at C7; it attaches at

A

The spinous processes of thoracic, lumbar, and sacral vertebrae (median sacral crest)

99
Q

What are the attachments of the intertransverse ligaments?

A

the surfaces of the the transverse processes of adjoining vertebrae

100
Q

What are the attachments of the interspinous ligaments?

A

The surfaces of the spinous processes of adjacent vertebrae

101
Q

Because the sacral vertebrae are fused, the sacrum DOES NOT have what 2 accessory ligaments?

A

Intertransverse or Interspinous

102
Q

What are the attachments of the ligamentum flavum?

A

The surfaces of the lamina of adjacent vertebrae

Anatomy Exam 1 (15 decks)

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