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Pharmacology and Drugs / Poisons 9.14 > Antibiotics > Flashcards

Antibiotics Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main mechanisms of antibiotic effectiveness & which groups work for each one

A
  1. Cell wall disruptors - Beta lactams & Glycopeptides
  2. Protein synthesis inhibitors - Macrolides, Chloramphenicol, Aminoglycosides, Tetracyclines
  3. DNA inhibitors / interruptors - Rifampicin, Metranidazole, Quinalones
  4. Anti-folate - Trimethoprim & Sulfonamides
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2
Q

What are the 4 main classes of beta lactams

A

Penicillins
Monobactams
Cephalosporins
Carapenems

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3
Q

Side effects of penicillin, amoxycillin

A

Penicillin allergy

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4
Q

General uses of penicillins

A

Broad spectrum - respir. skin, UTI

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5
Q

90% of staphylococcus produces something that makes beta lactams ineffective - what?

A

Beta lactamase e.g. penicillinase

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6
Q

Many antibiotic resistant bacteria produce penicillinases - which drugs counter this?(3)

A
  1. Co-amoxiclav (= amoxicillin & clavulanic acid)
  2. Flucloxacillin (resist to penicillinases)
  3. Tazobactam
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7
Q

Are cephalosporins good for gram + or - bact

A

Gram negative

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8
Q

Why would you be cautious administering cephalosporins to someone with penicillin allergy

A

10% of penicillin allergic folk also allergic to cephalosporins

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9
Q

Cefuroxime is good for which pneumonia causing bacteria

A

Haemophilus influenzae

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10
Q

Cefotaxime, ceftriaxome and poss. others are used in meningitis because?

A

They can cross the blood brain barrier

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11
Q

What is a powerful glycopeptide useful for gram + bacteria

A

Vancomycin

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12
Q

What virulent bacteria might vancomycin be good for (3)

A

MRSA
C diff
(& beta lactam resistant bact)

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13
Q

Maj side effects of vancomycin (3)

A

Nephro toxicity
Ototoxicity
Red man / red neck syndrome

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14
Q

Macrolides good for intracellular or extracellular infections?

A

Intracellular

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15
Q

Examples of macrolides

A

Erythro, clarithro, azithromycin (“macro = mycin the MACRO mouse!”

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16
Q

Which classic gram + bact are macrolides good for

A

Staph and strep

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17
Q

What area of body macrolides good for (name 4 bacteria that might cause pathology there)

A

Chest - Legionella, Haemophilius influenzae, Mycoplasma, Neisseria

18
Q

When would you use aminoglycosides and what route of administration

A

Serious illness only - IV

19
Q

eg of aminoglycosides

A

Gentamicin

Tobramicin

20
Q

SE of aminoglycosides eg Gentamicin

A

Nephro & oto toxicity - v narrow therapeutic range

21
Q

Give 1 Gram - and 1 Gram + bact that aminoglycosides eg Gentamicin might be effective against

A

+ Staph

- Pseudomonas

22
Q

Tetracyclines e.g. doxycycline - maj side effects (2)

A

GIT irrit

Photosensitivity

23
Q

Two groups of people not appropriate for tetracyclines

A

Pregnant women

Kids

24
Q

Tetracyclines intra or extra cellular

A

Intracellular

25
Q

Area of body effective for tetracyclines (2)

A

Skin / tissue and CA pneumonia

26
Q

Chloramphenicol - uses other than eye ointment?

A

Serious illness only

27
Q

Gen type and some egs of side effects of chloramphenicol (3)

A

Multiple - haematological, anaemia, leukaemia

28
Q

Trimethoprim - main use as first line?

A

UTIs

29
Q

Rare SE of Trimethoprim

A

Rare but red. haematopoesis due to red folate

30
Q

Main combination of sulfonamide and trimethoprim

A

Co-trimoxazole

31
Q

Uses for co-trimoxazole

A

Immunocompromised - AIDs / toxoplasmosis

32
Q

SE of co-trimoxazole (2)

A 
Skin probs (allergy) - Stevens-Johnson syndrome (nasty)
Bone marrow depression
33
Q

Quinalones (eg Ciprofloxacin) - aerobic / anaerobic bact?

A

Anaerobic

34
Q

Ciprofloxacin has particularly good penetration of which tissues (3)

A

Bone marrow, CSF, skin

35
Q

Side effects of ciprofloxacin

A

Caution in epilepsy - siezures

36
Q

Interactions of ciprofloxacin

A

Metals - Ca, Fe suppliments red. absorption

Warfarin interactions

37
Q

Metranidazole - aerobic or anaerobic

A

anaerobic - good for abscesses, GIT, brain, liver

38
Q

Interactions of metranidazole

A

Alcohol

39
Q

Rifampicin - good for which bact (3)

A

TB!
Neisseria
MRSA

40
Q

What do you always do if using rifampicin

A

use a 2nd antibiotic too

41
Q

Interactions of rifampicin

A

CYP450 interactions (rifampicin isINDUCER)

42
Q

SE of rifampicin (2)

A

orange secretions

Liver toxicity

Pharmacology and Drugs / Poisons 9.14 (7 decks)

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