Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Lucy Knox - Year 1 > 118 - Pyrexia > Flashcards

118 - Pyrexia Flashcards

1
Q

What is the febrile response?

A

Complex physiological response pyrogen mediated

- involves cytokines, acute phase reactants, endocrine and behavioural changes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the 4 phases of a fever?

A

1st) Prodromal: Non specific complaints, general malaise, aching
2nd) Chill: sensation of cold, shaking, vasoconstriction, piloerection. temp is actually increasing
3rd) Flush: Cutaneous dilation, skin warm and flushed
4th) Defevescence: Initiated by sweating

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the 4 different patterns a fever can occur in?

A

Intermittent - returns to normal every 24hrs
Remittent - doesn’t return to normal
Sustained/continuous - Temp remains high
Recurring/relapsing - Episodes of fever lasting a few days with a day normal inbetween

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How does HR and metabolic rate change with increased temperature?

A

1 degree temp increase, 15 beats/min increase HR

1 degree increase - 13% increase in metabolic rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What alternative causes of a high temperature are there?

A

Hyperthermia
Malignant hyperthermia
Drug fever
Neuroleptic malignant hyperthermia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What do most cases of PUO (pyrexia of unknown origin) end up beign diagnosed as?

A

30% infection
20% malignancy
20% misc. (IBD, liver disease, drug reaction)
15% connective tissue disorder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is defined as PUO?

A

Consistently high temp above 38.3 for 3 weeks of illness, with no diagnoses after 3 days as an inpatient or 3 outpatient consultations.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How is best to manage a fever?

A

Actively search cause
Reassure
Lightly clothed, cool, aid heat exchange
Don’t actively try to cool unless anti-pyretics given

Don’t give anti-pyretics just to reduce the temp!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Why is it sometimes viewed as a bad idea to treat fever with anti-pyretics?

A

Impairs natural immune response
May miss signs of serious infection
Doesn’t reduce febrile convulsions
Paracetamol may reduce antibody response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What ways are there to measure core temperature?

A

Rectal prove

Tympanic - in the ear

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What ways are there to measure shell temperature?

A

Oral - 0.4 degrees lower than core
Axilla

  • influenced by skin blood flow and environment, but non invasive and easy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What initiates fever?

A

Presentation of exogenous or endogenous pyrogens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Describe how fever is initiated and propagated

A

Pyrogens

  • stimulates release of pyrogenic cytokines (IL-1, IL6, TNFalpha, Interferon)
  • cytokine-receptor interactions occur at pre-optic region of hypothalmus
  • Prostaglandin E2 released
  • Modifies thermosensitive neurones
  • Thermostatic set point changed
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What prostaglandin modifies thermosensitive neurones in initiating fever?

A

E2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Which are pyrogenic cytokines?

A

Il-1, IL-6, TNF alpha, Interferon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the steps involved in bacterial pathogenesis?

A 
Transmission
Adherence
Colonisation
Invasion
Dissemination - spread
17
Q

What is an endospore? What does it help?

A

A non permanent coat, to help a bacteria survive adverse conditions

Helps successful transmission

18
Q

What forces can be used to help adherence of a bacteria to its site of infection?

A

Van der Vaals, electrostatic forces, hydrophobic forces, cation bridges, receptor-ligand binding

19
Q

What is a flagella?

A 
Helps bacteria motility
Can be single polar (on one side) - monotricious
Multiple polar - iophotricious
Single bipolar - Amphitricious
Multiple all over - Pentricious
20
Q

How do mucous membranes prevent bacterial colonisation?

A 
Mucin and mucous is produced
Antimicrobial - lysozyme attacks
Peptidoglycan cell walls
Secretory IgA from MALT 
High turnover - stops adherance
21
Q

How do bacteria disseminate - spread - in the host?

A

Via circulation
Using phagocytes
Digesting directly though tissues (eg. gangrene)

22
Q

What are prions?

A

eg. BSE
Creutzfeldt-Jakob (mad cow)

Misfolded proteins
No auto replication

under 100nm

23
Q

What are viruses?

A

Capsid coated genome
Have host-dependant replication

30-400 nm

24
Q

What are bacteria? What types are there?

A

Unicellular prokaryotes
Autonomous - can replicate themselves

Gram +ve - stain on crystam violet + iodine stain
Have thick peptidoglycan layer

Gram -ve - Safarmin stains
Thinner peptidoglycan layer + other membranes

25
Q

What are fungi?

A

Osmotrophic, eurkaryotes

eg. Candidiasis
Cryptococcusis

Micrometers to cm big

26
Q

What are protazoa?

A

Single cell eukaryotes - nm big
eg.
Malaria, toxoplasmosis, Giardiasis, Cryptosporidiosis

27
Q

What are helminths?

A

Eukaryotes, multicellular, worm like
Reside inside the body

eg. Schistosomiasis

micrometers to cm

28
Q

What are arthropods?

A

Cause damage directly - eg. feeding, or indirectly - eg. transmitting infection

eg. Dengue fever
Yellow fever
Malaria transmitted by one
Lyme disease

Lucy Knox - Year 1 (36 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions