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Higher Human Bio > 2.5 Structure And The Function Of The Heart > Flashcards

2.5 Structure And The Function Of The Heart Flashcards

1
Q

What do valves prevent?

A

The backflow of blood

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2
Q

What are the two types of valves?

A

AV Valves and SL Valves

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3
Q

What do AV Valves do?

A

Prevent blood flow from flowing back into the atria. These valves force blood into the ventricles

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4
Q

What do SL Valves do?

A

SL Valves prevent blood from flowing back into the ventricles. These valves force the blood to leave the heart

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5
Q

What does the pulmonary vein do?

A

Carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium

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6
Q

What does the Aorta do?

A

Carries oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the body

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7
Q

What does the vena cava do?

A

Carries deoxygenated blood from the body to the right atrium

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8
Q

What does the pulmonary artery do?

A

Carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs

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9
Q

What is the Cardiac Output formula?

A

CO = HR X SV

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10
Q

Where is the SAN located?

A

The wall of the right atrium

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11
Q

Where do Sympathetic and Parasympathetic come from?

A

The Autonomic Nervous System

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12
Q

What are parasympathetic and sympathetic described as being?

A

Antagonistic

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13
Q

What is sympathetic?

A

Increases heart rate and release noradrenaline

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14
Q

What is parasympathetic?

A

Decreases heart rate and release acetylcholine

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15
Q

What can impulses in the heart be detected by?

A

Electrocardiogram (ECG)

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16
Q

What does the P wave detect?

A

The wave of electrical impulses spreading over the atria from the SAN

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17
Q

What does the Q-R-S complex detect?

A

The electrical impulses through the ventricles

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18
Q

What does the T wave detect?

A

The electrical recovery of the ventricles at the end of ventricular systole

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19
Q

How to work out ECG calculation?

A

60 divided by time of wave

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20
Q

What is blood pressure?

A

Blood pressure is the force exerted by blood against the walls of the blood vessels

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21
Q

How is blood pressure measured?

A

It is measured in millimetres of mercury (mm Hg)

22
Q

How is blood pressure generated?

A

By the contraction of the ventricles and it is therefore highest in the large elastic arteries

23
Q

When does blood pressure increase?

A

During ventricular systole

24
Q

When does blood pressure decrease?

A

During diastole

25
Q

What is a typical blood pressure reading for a young adult?

A

120/80 mm Hg

26
Q

How is the first blood pressure measured?

A

After an inflatable cuff stops blood flow and deflates gradually, causing the blood to start to flow at systolic pressure

27
Q

How is the second blood pressure measured?

A

When the blood flows freely though the artery at diastolic pressure

28
Q

What equipment is used to measure blood pressure?

A

Sphygmomanometer

29
Q

What is hypertension?

A

The prolonged elevation of blood pressure

30
Q

What diseases is hypertension a major risk factor of?

A

Coronary heart disease and strokes

31
Q

What is the cause of hypertension?

A

Unhealthy lifestyle

32
Q

What is used to treat hypertension?

A

Statins

33
Q

What are the 3 main blood vessels?

A
  • Arteries
  • Capillaries
  • Veins
34
Q

What is the circuit that blood goes?

A

The heart to the arteries to the capillaries to the veins and then back to the heart

35
Q

What are the sections in an artery?

A
  • Central Lumen
  • Endothelum Lining
  • Smooth Muscle
  • Connective Tissue
36
Q

What are the locations in a vein?

A
  • Central lumen
  • Endothelium lining
  • Smooth muscle
  • Connective tissue
37
Q

What are the locations in a capillary?

A
  • Lumen
  • Endothelium
  • Body Cells
38
Q

What is vasodilation?

A

The widening of blood vessels

39
Q

What causes vasodilation?

A

Smooth muscle cells relaxing

40
Q

What is vasoconstriction?

A

The narrowing of blood vessels

41
Q

What causes vasoconstriction?

A

Smooth muscle cells contracting

42
Q

What is blood plasma?

A

A watery yellow fluid that contains many dissolved substance

43
Q

What are the dissolved substance in blood plasma?

A
  • Glucose
  • Amino Acids
  • Respiratory gases
  • Plasma proteins
  • Ions
44
Q

What is between the artery and capillary?

A

The arteriole

45
Q

What is between the capillary and the veins?

A

The venule

46
Q

What is the first step in exchange of blood materials?

A

Blood is transported from the arteries then through the arteriole and enters the narrow capillaries in the capillary bed

47
Q

What is the second step in the exchange of blood materials?

A

Pressure filtration squeezes the blood plasma through the capillary wall and into the surrounding cells losing its proteins and becomes tissue fluid

48
Q

What is the third step in the exchange of blood materials?

A

Glucose/Oxygen diffuse out of the tissue fluid and into the surrounding cells. Carbon dioxide diffuses out of the surrounding cells into the tissue fluid

49
Q

What is the fourth step in the exchange of blood materials?

A

Most of the tissue fluid is absorbed back into the capillaries and leaves the capillary bed via the venule

50
Q

What is the fifth step in the exchange of blood materials?

A

Some of the tissue fluid does not return to the capillaries. The excess fluid is absorbed by lymph vessels

51
Q

What is the sixth step in the exchange of blood materials?

A

The tissue fluid at this point is called lymph and is taken away by the lymph vessels where it is transported around the body at the lymphatic system

Higher Human Bio (22 decks)

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