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From Flashcardlet > Med Phys unit 4 Word Association > Flashcards

Med Phys unit 4 Word Association Flashcards

1
Q

Filtration

A

Movement of fluid and its components from the capillaries into Bowman’s space

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2
Q

Reabsorption

A

Movement from the nephron tubule back into peritubular capillaries

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3
Q

Secretion

A

Movement of fluid and its components from peritubular capillaries to the nephron tubules

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4
Q

GFR

A

125mL/min

180 L/day

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5
Q

Filtration fraction

A

GFR/renal plasma flow

Should be 20% (20% of renal plasma flow is filtered)

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6
Q

Fenestration

A

Small hole in endothelium in the glomerular filtration membrane that allows water, ions, and glucose through

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7
Q

Podocytes

A

Cells that cover the capillaries

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8
Q

Filterability

A

Compares how easily a substance is filtered compared to water

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9
Q

Minimal change nephropathy

A

Lose negative charge in the basement membrane due to a variety of disease processes. Small proteins show up in the urine.

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10
Q

Diabetic nephropathy

A

A common side effect of diabetes, start spilling proteins in the urine, leads to renal failure

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11
Q

Gestational proteinuric HTN

A

Pre-eclampsia, HTN and spilling protein in the urine during 3rd trimester of pregnancy

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12
Q

Polycystic kidney disease

A

Autosomal dominant in adults, autosomal recessive in infants… can’t filter adequately due to cysts all over the kidneys

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13
Q

Microalbuminuria

A

Excretion of greater than 25-30 but less than 150 mg albumin per 24 hours

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14
Q

Kf

A

Filtration coefficient (12.5 mL/min/mmHg), a measure of hydraulic conductivity and surface area of the glomerular capillaries

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15
Q

NFP

A

Net Filtration Pressure (10 mmHg)

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16
Q

Hydronephrosis

A

Excess fluid in the kidney… still filtering but fluid gathers in the calices and increases hydrostatic pressure in Bowman’s space

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17
Q

Aminoglycosides

A

Antibiotics that are filtered in the kidneys and are directly nephrotoxic. Epithelial cells are killed and slough off, obstructing the flow of urine.

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18
Q

Gentomycin

A

An aminoglycoside, an antibiotic filtered in the kidney and is directly nephrotoxic.

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19
Q

Malignant HTN

A

Systolic > 240 or Diastolic > 120
The arterioles can’t function to decrease the blood flow at that high pressure, capillaries rupture, end up with end organ failure

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20
Q

Macula densa

A

Cells in the distal tubule that can sense the amount of Na+ in the tubule

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21
Q

Juxtaglomerular cells

A

Cells around the afferent/efferent arterioles that respond to cytokines from the macula densa to either release renin or change the diameter of the arterioles.

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22
Q

Transport maximum

A

All transporter proteins are saturated

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23
Q

Threshold

A

The tubular load that exceeds transport maximum in some nephrons and the substance starts appearing in the urine

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24
Q

Furosemide

A

AKA Lasix, loop diuretic that blocks the Na+/Cl-/K+ cotransporter in the thick ascending loop of Henle to prevent formation of an osmotic gradient

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25
Q

Ethacrynic acid, Bumetanide

A

Loop diuretics that affect the thick ascending loop of Henle similar to Furosemide

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26
Q

Thiazide diuretics

A

A mild diuretic that blocks the Na+/Cl- cotransporter in the early distal tubule to keep Na+ and H2O in the tubule to increase their excretion

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27
Q

Polyuria

A

The inability to concentrate urine

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28
Q

Principal cells

A

Located in the late distal tubule and collecting duct, play big role in reabsorption of Na+/Cl- and the secretion of K+… under the influence of aldosterone

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29
Q

Intercalated cells

A

Located in the late distal tubule and collecting duct, play role in acid/base balance

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30
Q

Alpha cells

A

Type of intercalated cell that secretes H+ to get rid of acid

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31
Q

Beta cells

A

Type of intercalated cell that reabsorbs HCO3-

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32
Q

Spironolactone, Eplerenone

A

Aldosterone agonists that cause principle cells in the late distal tubule and collecting duct to make more Na+/K+ ATPase pumps to reabsorb less Na+ to excrete more Na+ and H2O

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33
Q

Amiloride, Triamterene

A

Na+ channel blockers that block the Na+ channel on the luminal side of principal cells in the late distal tubule or collecting duct so Na+ can’t diffuse into the cells and out of the lumen

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34
Q

PAH

A

A substance monitored for measuring GFR

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35
Q

Clearance

A

The rate at which substances are removed from the plasma

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36
Q

Renal clearance

A

The volume of plasma completely cleared of a substance by the kidneys per minute

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37
Q

Upper respiratory tract

A

Nasal cavity, oral cavity, pharynx, vocal cords, larynx

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38
Q

Lower respiratory tract

A

From the trachea on down

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39
Q

Conductive zone

A

Warms and humidifies inspired air, filters and cleans mucus by moving mucus up to be expectorated

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40
Q

Goblet cell

A

Unicellular mucus-producing cells in the conductive zone

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41
Q

Columnar epithelium cells

A

Located between goblet cells in the conductive zone

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42
Q

Cystic fibrosis

A

Lack the watery layer in the conductive zone and can’t bring up mucus, the Cl- pump is deficient

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43
Q

Respiratory zone

A

Gas exchange between air and blood takes place in the respiratory bronchioles and alveolar sacs

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44
Q

Alveolar Type I cells

A

Structural cells in the alveoli

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45
Q

Alveolar Type II cells

A

Make surfactant

46
Q

Surfactant

A

Covers the alveoli on the inside to prevent collapse

47
Q

Pore of Kohn

A

A very short duct between adjacent alveoli which allows for collateral ventilation

48
Q

Elastic fibers

A

Needed to expand alveoli without popping during inspiration and constrict without collapsing during exhalation

49
Q

Boyle’s law

A

Changes in intrapulmonary pressure occur as a result of changes in lung volume (the two are inversely related)

50
Q

Distensibility

A

The ease with which the lungs can expand

51
Q

Elastase

A

The enzyme that destroys elastin

52
Q

Alpha-1 anti-trypsin deficiency

A

Elastase goes unchecked by lack of alpha-1 anti-trypsin and can destroy too much elastin, can cause a type of emphysema that affects all the airways

53
Q

Emphysema

A

Elastin fibers destroyed, alveoli hyper-inflate during inspiration, collapse during expiration causing air trapping

54
Q

Inspiratory muscles

A 
Diaphragm
External intercostals
SCM
Serratus anterior
Scalenes
55
Q

Expiratory muscles

A

Internal intercostals

Abdominals

56
Q

Polio

A

Causes spinal deformities, difficult to expand the chest wall, decreased compliance

57
Q

Pink puffer

A

A patient with emphysema, constantly in the respiration cycle, overinflate to dilute old trapped air to keep up PO2

58
Q

Blue bloater

A

A patient with chronic bronchitis, has lower PO2 due to air trapping without being able to overinflate, can’t dilute the old air

59
Q

Surface tension

A

Force exerted by fluid in alveoli to resist distension

60
Q

ARDS

A

Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome… break in capillary endothelial cells, fluid collects in interstitial space and alveoli, washes out surfactant, difficult to expand lungs

61
Q

Reactive airway disease

A

Type of obstructive disease involving spasms, decreased airway diameter, hard to get in and VERY hard to get air out

62
Q

Inspiratory reserve volume

A

Inspiring air beyond normal inspiration

63
Q

Expiratory reserve volume

A

That air which we expel beyond tidal volume

64
Q

Tidal volume

A

The normal volume which we inhale and expel with resting ventilation (about 500mL)

65
Q

Residual volume

A

The air that always stays in the lungs

66
Q

Inspiratory capacity

A

Tidal volume inspiration plus the inspiratory reserve

67
Q

Vital capacity

A

All of the air that we have access to: tidal volume plus inspiratory reserve plus expiratory reserve

68
Q

Functional residual capacity

A

Expiratory reserve plus residual volume

69
Q

Total lung capacity

A

Functional residual capacity plus inspiratory capacity

70
Q

Restrictive lung disease

A

A disease (like fibrotic lung disease) that makes it hard to inhale, causes decreased vital capacity

71
Q

Obstructive lung disease

A

A disease (like emphysema, chronic bronchitis) that makes it hard to exhale

72
Q

Dalton’s Law

A

The total pressure of a gas mixture is equal to the sum of the pressures that each gas would exert independently

73
Q

Henry’s Law

A

The amount of gas dissolved in fluid reaches a maximum value

74
Q

Thalassemia

A

A mutation in the beta chain of hemoglobin causes inadequate oxygen transport

75
Q

Oxyhemoglobin

A

Normal heme that contains iron in the reduced form that shared electrons and bonds with O2

76
Q

Deoxyhemoglobin

A

Oxyhemoglobin that dissociates to release O2 with iron still in reduced form

77
Q

Methemoglobin

A

Contains iron in the oxidized form, lacks electrons and can’t bind with O2

78
Q

Carboxyhemoglobin

A

Reduced heme bound to CO, which impairs O2 transport to tissues

79
Q

Anemia

A

[hemoglobin] below normal or does not function well (<14 in males)

80
Q

Polycythemia

A

[hemoglobin] above normal, blood becomes viscous

81
Q

Renal artery stenosis

A

Decreased blood flow to kidneys due to atherosclerosis, decreased O2 delivery, stimulates release of erythropoietin

82
Q

Shift to the right

A

Hgb unloads O2 easier at higher PO2
Decreased pH
Increased temp
Increased 2,3 DPG/BPG

83
Q

Shift to the left

A

Hgb hangs onto the O2, unloads O2 at lower PO2
Increased pH
Decreased temp
Decreased 2,3 DPG/BPG

84
Q

Fetal hemoglobin

A

Has 2 gamma chains instead of beta chains, can’t bind to 2,3 DPG, higher affinity for O2, shift to the left

85
Q

Bohr Effect

A

When H+ or CO2 increases, causing a shift to the right, Hgb unloads O2 easier at higher PO2… H+ binds to hgb and changes how O2 binds to hub, decreasing hgb’s affinity for O2

86
Q

Cyanosis

A

Blue appearance only seen with at least 5 grams of unsaturated hemoglobin

87
Q

Carbonic anhydrase

A

The enzyme in the RBC that converts CO2 and H2O to H2CO3

88
Q

Respiratory Exchange Ratio (RQ)

A

The amount of CO2 produced compared to the amount of O2 that you use (normally 0.8)

89
Q

Chloride shift

A

HCO3- leaves the cell, which makes the cell membrane more positive, so Cl- moves into the RBC

90
Q

Dorsal respiratory group

A

Influenced by the pneumotaxic center and apneustic center to cause inspiration

91
Q

Ventral respiratory group

A

Mainly causes active expiration by sending signals to abdominal muscles

92
Q

Pneumotaxic center

A

Influences the dorsal respiratory group to control rate and depth of breathing, controls the switch-off of the inspiratory ramp to limit inspiration

93
Q

Apneustic breathing

A

Occurs when you damage the pons… breathe in, hold it for a long time before exhaling… not regulated by CO2

94
Q

J receptors

A

Located in alveolar walls, sense pressure in capillaries to increase ventilation rate and initiate sense of dyspnea

95
Q

“Ramp” signal

A

Intrinsic APs to the diaphragm increase for 2 seconds and cease for 3 seconds

96
Q

Stretch receptors

A

Located in walls of airways in bronchi and bronchioles that switch off inspiratory ramp to inhibit inhalation and increase frequency

97
Q

Irritant receptors

A

Located between airway epithelial cells, cause bronchoconstriction and increased ventilation

98
Q

Chemosensitive area

A

Located bilaterally under ventral medulla, stimulated by H+ ions or CO2

99
Q

Kussmaul respirations

A

Deep labored breathing usually associated with diabetic ketosis (lots of fat breakdown)

100
Q

Glomus cells

A

Part of the carotid body that are thought to be the sensory unit to sense gases

101
Q

Glomus tumors

A

Grow under fingernails and become painful due to compression, the cells sense temperature and pain

102
Q

Hexokinase

A

The enzyme that stimulates the uptake of glucose into liver cells

102
Q

CO2 retention

A

Chemoreceptors desensitized to CO2, respiratory drive only responds to O2, develop hypoxemia and hypercapnia

103
Q

Glucose-6-phosphatase

A

The enzyme that stimulates the release of glucose from liver cells

104
Q

Hormone-sensitive lipase

A

The enzyme that stimulates the release of alpha-glycerol from adipose cells as glucose

105
Q

C-peptide

A

A substance tested for in a glucose-tolerance test, is cleaved off of an insulin precursor

106
Q

Liver phosphorylase

A

An enzyme in the liver that stimulates the conversion from glycogen to glucose

107
Q

Hexokinase/Glucokinase

A

An enzyme in the liver that phosphorylates glucose to trap it in the liver cells

108
Q

Glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GLIP)

A

A hormone released from the duodenal mucosa in response to fats AND carbs

109
Q

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

A

A hormone released from the duodenal mucosa in response to fats

From Flashcardlet (22 decks)

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