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Developmental Psych > Prenatal Development > Flashcards

Prenatal Development Flashcards

1
Q

conception

A

single sperm cell unites with ovum (egg) in female’s Fallopian tube in process called fertilization

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2
Q

germinal period

A

prenatal development in first 2 weeks after conception, creation of fertilized egg (zygote), cell division, attachment of zygote to uterine wall

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3
Q

blastocyst

A

inner mass of cells that eventually develop into an embryo (during germinal period)

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4
Q

trophoblast

A

outer layer of cells that later provides nutrition and support for the embryo (during germinal period)

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5
Q

implantation

A

attachment of zygote to uterine wall, takes place about 11-15 days after conception

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6
Q

embryonic period

A

period of prenatal development from 2-8 weeks after conception

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7
Q

endoderm

A

embryo’s inner layer of cells that will become digestive and respiratory systems (develops during embryonic period)

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8
Q

mesoderm

A

embryo’s middle layer of cells that will become circulatory system, bones, muscles, excretory system, and reproductive system (develops during embryonic period)

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9
Q

ectoderm

A

embryo’s outer layer of cells that will become nervous system and brian, sensory receptors (eyes, nose, ears), and skin parts (such as hair and nails), (develops during embryonic period)

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10
Q

amnion

A

bag or envelope of the embryo that contains a clear fluid in which the developing embryo floats

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11
Q

umbilical cord

A

contains two arteries and once vein and connects baby to placenta

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12
Q

placenta

A

disk-shaped group of tissues in which small blood vessels from the mother and offspring intertwine but do not join

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13
Q

organogenesis

A

process of organ formation during the first 2 months of prenatal development, during which the organs are especially vulnerable to environmental changes

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14
Q

fetal period

A

lasts 7 months, prenatal period between 2 months and birth in typical pregnancies

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15
Q

viable

A

a fetus is considered viable at 7 months

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16
Q

neuron

A

nerve cell which handles info processing at the cellular level in the brain, 100 billion by the time the baby is born

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17
Q

neural tube

A

forms from ectoderm, closes at top & bottom, birth defects-anencephaly & spina bifida

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18
Q

neurogenesis

A

generation of new neurons

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19
Q

neuronal migration

A

cells move outward from point of origin to appropriate locations and create different levels, structures, & regions of the brain

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20
Q

teratogen

A

any agent that can potentially cause a birth defect or negatively alter cognitive and behavioral outcomes

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21
Q

dose

A

greater dose of teratogen, greater effect

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22
Q

genetic susceptibility

A

type/severity of abnormalities caused by a teratogen is linked to mother’s genotype and fetus’s genotype, & male fetuses are far more likely to be affected by teratogens than female fetuses

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23
Q

time of exposure

A

teratogens do more damage at specific developmental points, and embryonic period is more vulnerable than fetal period

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24
Q

critical period

A

fixed time period early in development during which certain experiences or events can have a long-lasting effect on development

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25
Q

prescription teratogens

A

antibiotics, antidepressants, hormones such as progestin and synthetic estrogen, Accutane

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26
Q

nonprescription teratogens

A

diet pills, high dosages of aspirin

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27
Q

psychoactive teratogens

A

drugs that act on the nervous system to alter states of consciousness, modify perceptions, and change moods (caffeine, alcohol, nicotine, and illicit drugs like cocaine, methamphetamine, marijuana, and heroine)

28
Q

caffeine as teratogen

A

200 mg. or more per day results in increased risk of miscarriage

29
Q

alcohol spectrum disorders

A

cluster of abnormalities and problems that appear in the offspring of mothers who drink alcohol heavily during pregnancy

30
Q

nicotine

A

adversely affects prenatal, birth, and postnatal development through preterm births, low birth weights, fetal & neonatal deaths, respiratory problems, SIDS, and cardiovascular problems

31
Q

cocaine

A

reduced birth weight, length, and head circumference

32
Q

methamphetamine

A

high infant mortality, low birth weight

33
Q

marijuana

A

lower intelligence, linked to child using marijuana

34
Q

heroine

A

withdrawal symptoms: tremors, irritability, abnormal crying, disturbed sleep, impaired motor control; behavioral problems, attention deficits

35
Q

Rh-factor

A

present in red blood cells=Rh-positive
mom Rh- + fetus Rh+ = immune system attach
miscarriage, stillbirth, anemia, jaundice, heart defects, brian damage, death soon after birth

36
Q

environmental teratogins

A

radiation, toxic wastes, environmental pollutions (carbon monoxide, mercury, lead, fertilizers, pesticides)

37
Q

Rubella

A

maternal German measles

38
Q

Syphilis

A

sexually transmitted infection, more damaging after 4 months, eye lesions, blindness, skin lesions

39
Q

AIDs

A

sexually transmitted infection, human immunodeficiency virus, destroys body’s immune system

40
Q

diabetes

A

high levels of sugar in the blood, high birth weights, risk of infant diabetes

41
Q

maternal risk factors

A 
overweight
folic acid (B-complex vitamin) deficiency
fish containing mercury
maternal age (adolescence, 35 or older)
--risk of Down syndrome
emotional stress & depression
42
Q

paternal risk factors

A

exposure to lead, radiation, pesticides, and petrochemicals, and smoking may cause sperm abnormalities that can lead to miscarriage, diseases such as cancer, early pregnancy loss

43
Q

prenatal care

A

defined schedule of medical visits
screening for manageable/treatable diseases
comprehensive educational, social, and nutritional services

44
Q

3 stages of birth

A
  1. longest, contractions dilate cervix to 10 cm
  2. head starts to move through cervix & birth canal
  3. afterbirth, placenta, umbilical cord, and other membranes detached & expelled
45
Q

doula

A

caregiver who provides continuous physical, emotional, and educational support for mother before, during, and after childbirth

46
Q

analgesia

A

used to relieve pain, tranquilizers, barbiturates, and narcotics (like Demerol)

47
Q

anesthesia

A

used in late first-stage labor and during delivery to block sensation in an area of the body or to block consciousness

48
Q

natural childbirth

A

decreases fear through education, breathing methods, relaxation techniques

49
Q

prepared childbirth

A

Lamaze, special breathing technique (Lamaze method) to control pushing in final stages of labor

50
Q

cesarean delivery

A

when breech position, baby is removed from uterus through incision in abdomen

51
Q

alternative birthing techniques

A

waterbirth, massage, acupuncture, hypnosis, music therapy

52
Q

Apgar scale

A

assesses health of newborns at 1 and 5 minutes after birth by evaluating heart rate, respiratory effort, muscle tone, body color, and reflex irritability (each scaled from 0-2 so that total score of 7-10 is good)

53
Q

Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale

A

performed w/in 24-36 hours after birth, used as a sensitive index of neurological competence up to 1 month after birth, assesses neurological development, reflexes, reactions to animate and inanimate stimuli

54
Q

Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Network Neurobehavioral Scale

A

assesses newborn’s behavior, neurological and stress responses, regulatory capacities

55
Q

Low birth weight infants

A

less than 5.5 lbs.

56
Q

very low birth weight infants

A

less than 3.5 lbs.

57
Q

extremely low birth weight infants

A

less than 2 lbs.

58
Q

preterm infants

A

born 3 weeks or more before pregnancy has reached full term (before 37 weeks of gestation is complete)

59
Q

small for date infants

A

birth weight is below normal when length of pregnancy is taken into account

60
Q

factors contributing to increase in preterm births

A

older moms, preterm induced labor to increase baby’s survival, increased substance abuse, increased stress

61
Q

kangaroo care

A

skin-to-skin contact with baby in diaper only held upright against parent’s bare chest, practiced 2-3 hours per day with preterm infants

62
Q

postpartum period

A

period after childbirth lasting approx. 6 weeks until mother’s body has completed adjustment and returned to nearly prepregnant state

63
Q

involution

A

process by which uterus returns to prepregnant size 5-6 weeks after birth

64
Q

postpartum depression

A

major depressive episode typically occurring around 4 weeks after delivery including strong feelings of sadness, anxiety, or despair

65
Q

bonding

A

formation of connection, especially physical bond between parents and the newborn in the period shortly after birth

Developmental Psych (11 decks)

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