Socioemotional Development in Infancy

Question 1

emotion

Answer 1

feeling, or affect, that occurs when a person is in a state or an interaction that is important

Question 2

primary emotions

Answer 2

emotions that are present in humans and other animals, appearing in the first 6 months of the human infant’s development

Question 3

self-conscious emotions

Answer 3

require self-awareness that involves consciousness and a sense of “me”, such as jealousy, empathy, embarrassment, pride, shame, and guilt, first appearing around 18 months to 2 years

Question 4

reflexive smile

Answer 4

does not occur in response to external stimuli; appears during the first month after birth, usually during sleep

Question 5

social smile

Answer 5

occurs in response to external stimuli, typically a face, can occur as early as 2 months old

Question 6

3 types of cries

Answer 6

1. basic-hunger, moans first
2. anger-excessair forced through vocal cords
3. pain-sudden, followed by breath-holding

Question 7

fear

Answer 7

appears around 6 months and peaks at 18 months

Question 8

stranger anxiety

Answer 8

fear/wariness of strangers, starts around 6 months and peaks around 12 months

Question 9

separation protest

Answer 9

crying when caregiver leaves, begins around 7 months and peaks around 15 months

Question 10

temperament

Answer 10

individual differences in behavioral styles, emotion, and characteristic ways of responding

Question 11

3 child temperaments

Answer 11

1. easy-generally positive, quick to routine, adaptable
2. difficult-negative reactions, frequent crier, irregular, slow to accept change
3. slow-to-warm-up-low activity level, somewhat negative, low intensity of mood

Question 12

Rothbart & Bates’ Classification

Answer 12

1. extraversion/surgency-positive anticipation, impulsivity, activity level, and sensation-seeking
2. negative affectivity-fear, frustration, sadness, discomfort
3. effortful control/self-regulation-attentional focusing and shifting, inhibitory control, perceptual sensitivity, low-intensity pleasure

Question 13

goodness of fit

Answer 13

match between a child’s temperament and the environmental demands the child must cope with

Question 14

social referencing

Answer 14

“reading” emotional cues in others to help determine how to act in a particular situation

Question 15

attachment

Answer 15

close emotional bond between two people

Question 16

strange situation

Answer 16

Ainsworth-observational measure of infant attachment wherein s/he experiences a series of introductions, separations, and reunions with the caregiver and an adult stranger in a prescribed order
*securely attached, insecure avoidant, insecure resistant, or insecure disorganized

Question 17

securely attached

Answer 17

when in caregiver’s presence, infant explores; when caregiver departs, mild protest, when caregiver returns, reestablish positive connection and then resumes play

Question 18

insecure avoidant

Answer 18

avoids caregiver, no distress when caregiver leaves, no reestablishment of connection when caregiver returns

Question 19

insecure resistant

Answer 19

alternately cling to caregiver and then push to get away

Question 20

insecure disorganized

Answer 20

disoriented, fearful, strong patterns of avoidance and resistance

Question 21

reciprocal socialization

Answer 21

bidirectional socialization wherein children socialize parents, not just the other way around

Question 22

scaffolding

Answer 22

parents time interactions in such a way that the infant experiences turn-taking with parents