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Question 1

Whatare amines

Answer 1

Are substances derived from ammonia, where h atoms been replaced, can be aromatic or aliphatic

Classify amines with amount fi r grouos attached to the an

Question 2

How to NAME AMINES

Answer 2

Primary
- if at the end of the chain, make it suffix like propylamine
- if in middle, then make it PREFIX, 2 amino BUTANE

SECONDSRY OR TERTIARY
- if same amlunt if alkyl groups, then say do alkyl group amine

IF DIFFERENT GROUPS
- FIRST IDENTIFY LARGEST GROUP, and combine with amine to make it like propyl amine
Then any groups after that becomss N - methyl propyl amine, N- ethyl n methley propylamine

Remmeber o alphabetically do the rest

Question 3

How do amine act as a base and what happens

Answer 3

Amines have a lone pair in the N and so can accept a proton H+ by making a dative volvslrn tbknd. This would be A BL BASE THEREFORE

Conservation of charge, there must by a psotive charge afterwards, so the NH2 becomes NH3 and +

Question 4

How do amines react with acids then

Answer 4

Base + acid = salt

No sign of OH so don’t worry about water

Here the amine takes the whole acid. For every amine molecule can twke one H+ in, so if acid is dibasic need two and balance, and this gives + charge and add the acid ion as minus

Question 5

This neutirkswiton of acid by amine is simialr to ammonia by

Answer 5

Ammoni and acid becomes an ammonium chloride salt flat

Obviously defrivstkbes of esch other so this kinda thing is expected

Question 6

We saw how to make AMIDES through acyl chrloide
But how to make AMINES!

Answer 6

1) react haloalkane with ammonia to porridge a salt
2) res t salt with NAOH to produce the primary amine
- the NaOH never interacts, it takes the chlorine ion, and takes the hydrogen away to leave the primary amine

Question 7

How to make secondary amines and teriteth?

Answer 7

Same process, but start off with your primary amine and haloalkane to make secondary amine salt, and then NaOH

Or secodnsry amine and haloalkane to make tertiary amine and salt after NaOh

Question 8

Exam how to make a primary amine

Answer 8

Haloalkane + EXCESS AMMONIA
Or ammonia and then NaOH!

Question 9

Why is excess ammonia used? (Will help remember!)

Why is ethanol used s solvent

Answer 9

Must react with EXCESS AMMONIA or as soon as some primary amine formed, it will just react again with the previous haloalkane to make the seocondwry or teritery again

Excess ammonia endures only primary is made or extra is reduced

2) ethanol used as solvent instead of water because then nucleophile subsition of Oh ions might take place making it an alchol again lmao

Question 10

How to make phenylamine

Answer 10

Nitrobenzene
SN/HCL
+6H
Under reflux
And excess NaOH

Question 11

What is an amino acid

Answer 11

A compound containing bith amine and carboxylic acid grouos

They all have amine carbonyl and a different R group to separate them

Alpha amino acids are the standsrd ones

As amino acids have both groups, they can react using proeptiesof both too

Question 12

Amine group of amino acid

Answer 12

Is a base so it can react with ACIDS to form salts

Here in this case, it forms a PROTONATED amino , where H+ from acid goes to acid

Question 13

Caboyxlic group reactions amino acid

Answer 13

Will react with an Alkali to give SALT SND WATER loosing H+

Question 14

Esterifaitopn with amino acids
4 way to make ester?

Answer 14

As there is a carbonyl group, it can happen with alacphol present heated under conc sulfuic acid catlayst

So three ways ester
1) alchol carboxylic
2) alcohol acyl chrloide
3) alchol acid anhydride
4) alchol amino acid

Question 15

Esterifiacauon with amino acids, how is this DIFFERENT

Answer 15

because it becomes an ester like normal,

But be Sude of acidic conditomd, it becomes a PROTONATED VERISON

Question 16

What is a xteroiosmeragain

Answer 16

This is isomers that have Same structural same general but different arrangement of atoms in space

Here an OPTICAL ISOMER IS ONE WITH A CHIRAL CENTRE, that leads to TWO NOM SUPERIMPOSABLE MIRROR IMAGES OF ESCH OTHER which are the optical isomers

Question 17

What is a chiral centre

Answer 17

This is a cabrin with 4DIFFERENT GROUPS ATTACHED TO THEM

It doesn’t have to be a carbon , and necessarily unattached groups, just 4 different

For every chiral centre there is always a pair of optical dickeres

Question 18

Have to draw it it in 3d

Answer 18

Using tetrahedral and then mirror image them
Remember random Hydrogens

Different optical isomers have different properties that’s why itsimportant

Csn’t be a double bind or two keenly groups

Question 19

Condensation polymerisation

Answer 19

Is the joining of monomers with a loss of a small molecule normally ester or HCL

TWO DIFFERENT FUNCTIONSL GROUPS ARE NEEDED

Can be the same monomer if it has both, or two monomers that keep joining but both theee monomers has the same functional group forested

Question 20

Polyesters

Answer 20

Two monomer dmean they both must have the same functional group on each side , so diol/ dicsrboxylic acid or DIACYL CHLORIDE

How to do
N amounts of one + n amounts of other gives n amounts of ester and 2n-1 h20!

Question 21

Polyamides

Answer 21

These are again one monomer has both carbonyl and amine , like an AMINO ACIDZ
OR diamine and dicsrbocyl / acyl chrloide

R,emebe when it’s two monomers , it becomes 2n-1 h20r

Question 22

How to hydrolysis condensation polymers

Answer 22

Again acid hydrolysis should return bith, whereas base hydrolysis should return thr ALCHOHOL/ AMINE GROUP THING EACH TIME, and not the csbroykic

Acid hydrolysis = water snd aqueous acid

Base hydrolysis = NaOH sourced of Oh-

Question 23

REMEMBER WHAT HAPPENS WHEN BASE HYRDO,YSIS CONSIDERING THESE ARE DICSBROCYLS

Answer 23

Esch Time ONLY THE CSBROYLIC PSRT WILL BECOME A SALT

so if it is ficsbrohlic, BOTH WILL BECOME A SALT