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1
Q

Gram -

A

thin peptidoglycan layer and outer
membrane

structurally more complex

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2
Q

Gram +

A

thick peptidoglycan layer

stains violet

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3
Q

Three factors contribute genetic diversity:

A
  1. Rapid reproduction
  2. Mutation
  3. Genetic recombination
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4
Q

Extremophile

A

an organisms that grows in extreme conditions or habitats

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5
Q

what is peptidoglycan

A

most bacterial cell walls contain this.

a polymer composed of modified sugars cross linked by short polypeptides

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6
Q

is gram + or gram - more resistant to antibiotics?

A

gram negative is more resistant to antibiotics because the outer membrane impedes entry of drugs

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7
Q

capsule

A

cell wall of many prokaryotes is surrounded by a sticky polysaccharide or protein layer, which is a capsule

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8
Q

nucleoid

A

prokaryotes lack a nucleus. their chromosomes are located in the nucleoid which is a region of cytoplasm that is not enclosed by a membrane

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9
Q

bacteriophages

A

viruses that infect bacteria

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10
Q

extremophiles

A

“lovers” of extreme conditions. includes extreme halophiles and thermophiles

first prokaryotes assigned to domain archaea live in extreme environments

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11
Q

extreme halophiles

A

live in highly saline environments such as the the great salt lake

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12
Q

extreme thermophiles

A

thrive in very hot environments such as hot water in Yellowstone

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13
Q

decomposers

A

break down dead organisms

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14
Q

symbiosis

A

an ecological relationship in which two species live in close contact with each other

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15
Q

parasite

A

eats cells contents, tissues, or body fluids of its host

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16
Q

pathogen

A

parasites that cause disease are pathogens, many of which are prokaryotic

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17
Q

key features of prokaryotic reproduction

A

reproduce via binary fission, short generation times, and can divide every 1 to 3 hours

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18
Q

transformation

A

a change in genotype and phenotype due to the assimilation of external DNA by a cell

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19
Q

genetic recombination

A

the recipient cell’s chromosome becomes a combo of DNA derived from 2 cells

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20
Q

conjugation

A

DNA is transferred between 2 prokaryotic cells that are temporarily joined

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21
Q

nitrogen metabolism

A

Prokaryotes can metabolize nitrogen in a wide variety of forms (including N2)

example: cyanobacteria

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22
Q

nitrogen fixation

A

convert atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia (NH3)

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23
Q

metabolic cooperation

A

metabolic cooperation between different prokaryotic species often occurs between surface coating colonies known as biofilms

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24
Q

obligate aerobes

A

must use O2 for cellular respiration and can’t grow without it

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25
obligate anaerobes
are poisoned by O2
26
anaerobic respiration
substances other than O2 such as nitrate ions and sulfate ions accept electrons at the downhill end of electron transport chain
27
facultative anaerobes
use O2 if it is present but can also carry out fermentation or anaerobic respiration in an anaerobic environment
28
kinds of extremophiles
Acidophile: optimum pH at or below pH 3 Alkaliphile: optimum pH levels of 9 or above Halophile: an organism requiring at least 2M of NaCl for growth Barophile: organism that thrives at high pressures
29
mesophiles
do best in moderate conditions
30
many archaea are not ____
extremophiles
31
many bacteria and eukaryotes are ____
extremophiles
32
Describe the most common shapes of prokaryotes.
Coccus– spherical Bacillus– rod-shaped Spirilum – spiral-shaped.
33
prokaryotic characteristics
1. Their DNA is not enclosed within a membrane and is usually a singular circularly arranged chromosome. 2. Their DNA is not associated with histones (special chromosomal proteins found in eukaryotes); other proteins are associated with the DNA. 3. They lack membrane-enclosed organelles. 4. Their cell walls almost always contain the complex polysaccharide peptidoglycan. 5. They usually divide by binary fission. During this process, the DNA is copied, and the cell splits into two cells. Binary fission involves fewer structures and processes than eukaryotic cell division .
34
How do prokaryotes reproduce?
Bacteria reproduce by binary fission. In this process the bacterium, which is a single cell, divides into two identical daughter cells. Binary fission begins when the DNA of the bacterium divides into two (replicates).
35
List and describe the three factors that contribute to the vast genetic diversity of prokaryotes.
1. Rapid reproduction 2. mutation 3. genetic recombination promote genetic diversity in prokaryotes
36
photoautotroph
energy source = light carbon source = CO2 types of organisms = cyanobacteria, algae
37
chemoautotroph
energy source = inorganic chemicals (H2S, NH3, Fe2) | Carbon source = CO2
38
photoheterotroph
energy source = light carbon source = organic compounds types of organisms = aquatic and salt loving prokaryotes
39
chemoheterotroph
energy source = organic compounds carbon source = organic compounds types of organisms = protists, fungi, animals, some plants
40
What type of extremophile is a barophile?
is an organism which thrives at high pressures, such as deep sea bacteria or archaea
41
Acidophile
thrive under highly acidic conditions. These organisms can be found in different branches of the tree of life, including Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya
42
Alkaliphile
extremophilic microbes capable of survival in alkaline (pH roughly 8.5–11) environments, growing optimally around a pH of 10
43
Psychrophile
extremophilic organisms that are capable of growth and reproduction in low temperatures, ranging from −20 °C to +10 °C.
44
True or False: All extremophiles are Archaea, and all Archaea are extremophiles. Explain your answer.
False. Not all extremophiles are archaea. Extremophiles include members of all three domains of life, i.e., bacteria, archaea, and eukarya. Most extremophiles are microorganisms (and a high proportion of these are archaea), but this group also includes eukaryotes such as protists
45
Genetic variation in bacterial populations cannot result from ____
meiosis. but can result from mutation!
46
Photoautotrophs use ____
light as an energy source and CO2 as a carbon source.
47
_____ involves metabolic cooperation among prokaryotic cells?
biofilms
48
Bacteria perform the following ecological roles. Which role typically does not involve symbiosis?
decomposer
49
Plantlike photosynthesis that releases O2 occurs in
cyanobacteria
50
what are the shapes of bacteria ?
spirillum- twists like a spiral coccus- sphere shaped bacillus- rod shaped
51
bacteria cell walls contain ____
peptidoglycan
52
Prokaryotes are not “primitive” but are _______
highly evolved!
53
barophile
organism that thrives at high pressures
54
halophile
an organism requiring at least 2M of NaCl for growth
55
Many bacteria (and eukaryotes!) are ______
extremophiles
56
Use universal _____ to amplify specific genes
primers
57
phototroph
obtain energy from light
58
chemotroph
obtain energy from chemicals
59
autotroph
need only CO2 or related compounds
60
heterotrophs
Organisms that get fixed carbon from organic compounds made by other organisms (by eating the organisms or their by-products) require at least one organic nutrient such as glucose
61
chemolithotroph
uses inorganic reduced compounds such as hydrogen sulfide
62
chemolithoheterotrophs
using an inorganic chemical for their energy and electron needs, but relying on organic chemicals in the environment for their carbon needs. These organisms are also called mixotrophs, since they require both inorganic and chemical compounds for their growth and reproduction.
63
what do prokaryotes do for the ecosystem?
chemical recycling, decomposers help the nitrogen cycle and decomposition
64
whats an example of bacterial mutualism?
bioluminescence
65
how do prokaryotes interact with humans?
used for PCR- polymerase chain reaction bioremediation- use of organisms to remove pollutants from air, water and soil

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