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28 Flashcards

1
Q

protists

A

mostly unicellular groups of eukaryotes

all Eukaryotes that are not animals, plants, or fungi

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2
Q

mixotroph

A

combine photosynthesis and heterotrophic nutrition

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3
Q

Endosymbiosis

A

a relationship between two species in which one organism lives inside the cell or cells of another organism (host)

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4
Q

Secondary endosymbiosis

A

red algae and green algae underwent this. They were ingested in the food vacuoles of heterotrophic eukaryotes and became endosymbionts themselves

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5
Q

holdfast

A

anchors the algae

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6
Q

stipe

A

stem like; supports the leaf like blades

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7
Q

pseudopodia

A

extensions that may bulge from almost anywhere on the cell surface.
how protists move and feed

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8
Q

Features of Eukaryotes

A

Presence of a nucleus (complete with nuclear envelope)
•Mitochondria, ER, other internal structures (including well-developed cytoskeleton)
• Multicellularity
•Sexual reproduction
• Several complex RNA polymerases
-Translation begins with methionine

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9
Q

4 supergroups of eukaryotes

A
  1. The ‘SAR’ Clade
  2. Excavata
  3. Archaeplastida
  4. Unikonta
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10
Q

supergroup

A

a classification category for a clade that’s “above” the

level of kingdom but below the level of domain.

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11
Q

clade

A

a group of biological taxa (as species) that includes all descendants of one common ancestor.

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12
Q

Morphological innovation

A

gave early eukaryotes a new way to manage and process genetic information

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13
Q

Cilates

A

have a diploid micronucleus that is involved only in reproduction and a polyploid macronucleus where transcription occurs (i.e. Paramecium)

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14
Q

Diplomonads

A

have 2 nuclei that appear identical

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15
Q

Forams, red algae, slime molds

A

certain cells contain many nuclei

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16
Q

Dinoflagellates

A

have chromosomes that lack histones and attach to the nuclear envelope

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17
Q

Supergroup EXCAVATA

A

• Excavates
• characterized by their
cytoskeletons
• some have an “excavated” feeding groove

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18
Q

Euglenids

A

have a pocket at one of the cell from which one or to flagella emerge

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19
Q

Stramenopila includes several groups of heterotrophs and some of the most important phototrophs on the planet:

A

– Diatoms
– Golden Algae
– Brown Algae

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20
Q

Diatoms

A

are unicellular algae that have a unique glass-like wall made of hydrated silica embedded in an organic matrix

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21
Q

Briefly describe the hypotheses for the origin of the nuclear envelope.

A

The cellular membrane folded in on itself and separated from the outer cell membrane to envelop the chromosomes-the nucleus. Also creating the endoplasmic reticulum.
Evidence- Infoldings are present in some bacteria
Nuclear envelopes is continuous with ER
Advantage- Separation of transcription and translation- allowing specific genes to be expressed instead of the entire genome

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22
Q

What is the role of endosymbiosis in eukaryote evolution?

A

A process in eukaruotic evolution in which a heterotrophic eukaryotic cell engulfed a photosynthetic euk. cell, which survived in a symbiotic relationship inside the heterotrophic cell.

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23
Q

Plastids that are surrounded by more than two membranes are evidence of

A

secondary endosymbiosis.

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24
Q

Biologists think that endosymbiosis gave rise to mitochondria before plastids partly because

A

all eukaryotes have mitochondria (or their remnants), whereas many eukaryotes do not have plastids.

25
Q

In life cycles with an alternation of generations, multicellular haploid forms alternate with

A

multicellular diploid forms.

26
Q

Based on the phylogenetic tree in Figure 28.2, which of the following statements is correct?

A

The most basal (first to diverge) eukaryotic supergroup cannot be determined.

27
Q

Which protists are in the same eukaryotic supergroup as land plants?

A

green algae and red algae

28
Q

what supergroup are diplomonads in?

A

Excavata

29
Q

Who are members of Excavata?

A

Euglenozoans, Parabasalids, Diplmonads

30
Q

what does the SAR clade stand for?

A

– Stramenopiles
– Alveolates
– Rhizaria

31
Q

who are members of the Stramenopiles clade?

A

diatoms, golden and brown algae

32
Q

who are members of the Alveolates clade?

A

dinoflagellates, ciliates

33
Q

who are members of the rhizaria clade?

A

forams, radiolarians

34
Q

who are members of the archaeaplastida?

A

– Green algae, red algae

– Kingdom Plantae

35
Q

who are members of unikonta?

A

– Opisthokonta: Choanoflagellates, nucleariids
– Amoebozoans: slime molds, amoebas
– Kingdoms Fungi and Animalia

36
Q

what are the closest relative of land plants?

A

green algae

37
Q

is conjugation a form of reproduction?

A

no it is a swapping of genetic information

38
Q

what are the only supergroups that have only protists?

A

SAR clade and Excavata

39
Q

what are reasons that prove endosymbiosis occurred?

A

o Chloroplasts and mitochondria both contain their own DNA
o Have an inner and outer membrane (the outer membrane is from the host cell)
o The host cell cant create a plastid or mitochondria, it can only absorb them

40
Q

what are characteristics of Excavata?

A

characterized by their
cytoskeletons
• have an “excavated” feeding groove

Organisms with modified mitochondria:
diplomonads and parabasalids

41
Q

what are characteristics of diplomonads?

A

have reduced mitochondria called mitosomes

Have two equal-sized nuclei and multiple flagella (looks like eyes)

42
Q

the SAR clade is a _____ supergroup

A

monophyletic

43
Q

what is a characteristic of clade Stramenopila?

A

Most have a “hairy” flagellum paired with a “smooth” flagellum

44
Q

what are unicellular algae that have a unique glass-like wall made of hydrated silica embedded in an organic matrix?

A

diatoms

45
Q

where do golden algae get their color from?

A

carotenoids

46
Q

what is the brown algae photosynthetic pigment?

A

fucoxanthin

47
Q

what are characteristics of Alveolates?

A

have membrane- enclosed sacs (alveoli) just under the plasma membrane

48
Q

what are characteristics of Dinoflagellates?

A

have two flagella and each cell is reinforced by cellulose plates

they are bioluminescent

49
Q

what causes toxic red tides?

A

dinoflagellate blooms

50
Q

what are characteristics of Ciliates?

A

They have large macronuclei and small micronuclei

– The micronuclei function during conjugation

51
Q

amoebas feed and move by ____

A

pseudopodia

52
Q

amoebas are a _____ group

A

paraphyletic

53
Q

what supergroup includes red algae, green algae, AND land plants?

A

archaeaplestida

54
Q

what is the pigment that gives red algae its color?

A

phycoerythrin

55
Q

what are the largest seaweeds and most abundant?

A

red algae

56
Q

what group goes through conjugation?

A

Ciliates

57
Q

Euglenids and Kinetoplastids are part of what supergroup?

A

Excavata

58
Q

giardia is part of what supergroup? and what specifically?

A

Excavata

it is a diplomonad

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