28

Question 1

protists

Answer 1

mostly unicellular groups of eukaryotes

all Eukaryotes that are not animals, plants, or fungi

Question 2

mixotroph

Answer 2

combine photosynthesis and heterotrophic nutrition

Question 3

Endosymbiosis

Answer 3

a relationship between two species in which one organism lives inside the cell or cells of another organism (host)

Question 4

Secondary endosymbiosis

Answer 4

red algae and green algae underwent this. They were ingested in the food vacuoles of heterotrophic eukaryotes and became endosymbionts themselves

Question 5

holdfast

Answer 5

anchors the algae

Question 6

stipe

Answer 6

stem like; supports the leaf like blades

Question 7

pseudopodia

Answer 7

extensions that may bulge from almost anywhere on the cell surface.
how protists move and feed

Question 8

Features of Eukaryotes

Answer 8

Presence of a nucleus (complete with nuclear envelope)
•Mitochondria, ER, other internal structures (including well-developed cytoskeleton)
• Multicellularity
•Sexual reproduction
• Several complex RNA polymerases
-Translation begins with methionine

Question 9

4 supergroups of eukaryotes

Answer 9

1. The ‘SAR’ Clade
2. Excavata
3. Archaeplastida
4. Unikonta

Question 10

supergroup

Answer 10

a classification category for a clade that’s “above” the

level of kingdom but below the level of domain.

Question 11

clade

Answer 11

a group of biological taxa (as species) that includes all descendants of one common ancestor.

Question 12

Morphological innovation

Answer 12

gave early eukaryotes a new way to manage and process genetic information

Question 13

Cilates

Answer 13

have a diploid micronucleus that is involved only in reproduction and a polyploid macronucleus where transcription occurs (i.e. Paramecium)

Question 14

Diplomonads

Answer 14

have 2 nuclei that appear identical

Question 15

Forams, red algae, slime molds

Answer 15

certain cells contain many nuclei

Question 16

Dinoflagellates

Answer 16

have chromosomes that lack histones and attach to the nuclear envelope

Question 17

Supergroup EXCAVATA

Answer 17

• Excavates
• characterized by their
cytoskeletons
• some have an “excavated” feeding groove

Question 18

Euglenids

Answer 18

have a pocket at one of the cell from which one or to flagella emerge

Question 19

Stramenopila includes several groups of heterotrophs and some of the most important phototrophs on the planet:

Answer 19

– Diatoms
– Golden Algae
– Brown Algae

Question 20

Diatoms

Answer 20

are unicellular algae that have a unique glass-like wall made of hydrated silica embedded in an organic matrix

Question 21

Briefly describe the hypotheses for the origin of the nuclear envelope.

Answer 21

The cellular membrane folded in on itself and separated from the outer cell membrane to envelop the chromosomes-the nucleus. Also creating the endoplasmic reticulum.
Evidence- Infoldings are present in some bacteria
Nuclear envelopes is continuous with ER
Advantage- Separation of transcription and translation- allowing specific genes to be expressed instead of the entire genome

Question 22

What is the role of endosymbiosis in eukaryote evolution?

Answer 22

A process in eukaruotic evolution in which a heterotrophic eukaryotic cell engulfed a photosynthetic euk. cell, which survived in a symbiotic relationship inside the heterotrophic cell.

Question 23

Plastids that are surrounded by more than two membranes are evidence of

Answer 23

secondary endosymbiosis.

Question 24

Biologists think that endosymbiosis gave rise to mitochondria before plastids partly because

Answer 24

all eukaryotes have mitochondria (or their remnants), whereas many eukaryotes do not have plastids.

Question 25

In life cycles with an alternation of generations, multicellular haploid forms alternate with

Answer 25

multicellular diploid forms.

Question 26

Based on the phylogenetic tree in Figure 28.2, which of the following statements is correct?

Answer 26

The most basal (first to diverge) eukaryotic supergroup cannot be determined.

Question 27

Which protists are in the same eukaryotic supergroup as land plants?

Answer 27

green algae and red algae

Question 28

what supergroup are diplomonads in?

Answer 28

Excavata

Question 29

Who are members of Excavata?

Answer 29

Euglenozoans, Parabasalids, Diplmonads

Question 30

what does the SAR clade stand for?

Answer 30

– Stramenopiles – Alveolates – Rhizaria

Question 31

who are members of the Stramenopiles clade?

Answer 31

diatoms, golden and brown algae

Question 32

who are members of the Alveolates clade?

Answer 32

dinoflagellates, ciliates

Question 33

who are members of the rhizaria clade?

Answer 33

forams, radiolarians

Question 34

who are members of the archaeaplastida?

Answer 34

– Green algae, red algae | – Kingdom Plantae

Question 35

who are members of unikonta?

Answer 35

– Opisthokonta: Choanoflagellates, nucleariids – Amoebozoans: slime molds, amoebas – Kingdoms Fungi and Animalia

Question 36

what are the closest relative of land plants?

Answer 36

green algae

Question 37

is conjugation a form of reproduction?

Answer 37

no it is a swapping of genetic information

Question 38

what are the only supergroups that have only protists?

Answer 38

SAR clade and Excavata

Question 39

what are reasons that prove endosymbiosis occurred?

Answer 39

o Chloroplasts and mitochondria both contain their own DNA o Have an inner and outer membrane (the outer membrane is from the host cell) o The host cell cant create a plastid or mitochondria, it can only absorb them

Question 40

what are characteristics of Excavata?

Answer 40

characterized by their cytoskeletons • have an “excavated” feeding groove Organisms with modified mitochondria: diplomonads and parabasalids

Question 41

what are characteristics of diplomonads?

Answer 41

have reduced mitochondria called mitosomes Have two equal-sized nuclei and multiple flagella (looks like eyes)

Question 42

the SAR clade is a _____ supergroup

Answer 42

monophyletic

Question 43

what is a characteristic of clade Stramenopila?

Answer 43

Most have a “hairy” flagellum paired with a “smooth” flagellum

Question 44

what are unicellular algae that have a unique glass-like wall made of hydrated silica embedded in an organic matrix?

Answer 44

diatoms

Question 45

where do golden algae get their color from?

Answer 45

carotenoids

Question 46

what is the brown algae photosynthetic pigment?

Answer 46

fucoxanthin

Question 47

what are characteristics of Alveolates?

Answer 47

have membrane- enclosed sacs (alveoli) just under the plasma membrane

Question 48

what are characteristics of Dinoflagellates?

Answer 48

have two flagella and each cell is reinforced by cellulose plates they are bioluminescent

Question 49

what causes toxic red tides?

Answer 49

dinoflagellate blooms

Question 50

what are characteristics of Ciliates?

Answer 50

They have large macronuclei and small micronuclei | – The micronuclei function during conjugation

Question 51

amoebas feed and move by ____

Answer 51

pseudopodia

Question 52

amoebas are a _____ group

Answer 52

paraphyletic

Question 53

what supergroup includes red algae, green algae, AND land plants?

Answer 53

archaeaplestida

Question 54

what is the pigment that gives red algae its color?

Answer 54

phycoerythrin

Question 55

what are the largest seaweeds and most abundant?

Answer 55

red algae

Question 56

what group goes through conjugation?

Answer 56

Ciliates

Question 57

Euglenids and Kinetoplastids are part of what supergroup?

Answer 57

Excavata

Question 58

giardia is part of what supergroup? and what specifically?

Answer 58

Excavata it is a diplomonad