2.7 Lvls of measurement and descriptive stats

Question 2

What are the four levels of measurement?

Answer 2

Nominal, Ordinal, Interval, Ratio

These levels indicate the amount of detail and information conveyed by the data.

Question 3

What type of data is also known as categorical data?

Answer 3

Nominal data

It is the lowest level of information, where data is split into categories without numerical relationships.

Question 4

What does ordinal data represent?

Answer 4

Ranked positions in a group

Numbers do not represent quantities or counts.

Question 5

What is interval data characterized by?

Answer 5

Equal units with the same distance between scale points

Examples include IQ and temperature in Celsius or Fahrenheit.

Question 6

What defines ratio data?

Answer 6

Interval data with a true zero

Allows for meaningful ratios, such as height and weight.

Question 7

What is the difference between discrete and continuous data?

Answer 7

Discrete data can only have a fixed number of values; continuous data can theoretically have an infinite number of values.

Question 8

What are the two main types of statistics?

Answer 8

Descriptive statistics and Inferential statistics

Descriptive statistics summarize data, while inferential statistics draw conclusions about a larger population.

Question 9

What does central tendency refer to?

Answer 9

The most typical or representative score in a dataset.

Question 10

What are the three measures of central tendency?

Answer 10

• Mean
• Median
• Mode

Question 11

What is the mean?

Answer 11

The arithmetic average of a set of scores.

Question 12

How is the median defined?

Answer 12

The middle value that divides a set of scores into equal halves.

Question 13

What is the mode?

Answer 13

The score that occurs most frequently.

Question 14

Which measure of central tendency is most sensitive to outliers?

Answer 14

Mean

This sensitivity can be problematic in datasets with extreme values.

Question 15

What is the range in statistics?

Answer 15

The difference between the highest and lowest score.

Question 16

What does the interquartile range (IQR) represent?

Answer 16

Data between the 25th and 75th percentiles.

Question 17

How is variance calculated?

Answer 17

Average squared deviation from the mean.

Question 18

What is standard deviation?

Answer 18

The square root of the variance, showing average deviation from the mean.

Question 19

What does a large standard deviation indicate?

Answer 19

Data is dispersed.

Question 20

What does a small standard deviation indicate?

Answer 20

Data is more clustered around the mean.

Question 21

How does the level of measurement affect descriptive statistics?

Answer 21

Nominal data uses frequency; ordinal data uses frequency, mode, and median; interval/ratio data uses mean and standard deviation.

Question 22

What should you do before designing an experiment or measures?

Answer 22

Consider the level of measurement and the information it conveys.

Question 23

What is the five-number summary in boxplots?

Answer 23

• Lowest value
• Lower Quartile (LQ)
• Median
• Upper Quartile (UQ)
• Highest value

Question 24

What is the formula for calculating variance?

Answer 24

Find the difference between each score and the mean, square it, and find the sum of all squared values.

Question 25

What is the significance of visualizing data?

Answer 25

It enhances understanding and interpretation of the dataset.

Question 26

What is a common issue with variance?

Answer 26

It does not describe variability in the same units as the original scale.

Question 27

What is the purpose of engaging actively with scheduled class content?

Answer 27

To ensure everyone benefits from the session.

Question 28

What is the role of descriptive statistics?

Answer 28

To summarize and describe a given dataset.

Question 29

What should students do before leaving the class?

Answer 29

Stay until the lecturer signals the end of the class.

Question 30

What is an example of a Likert-type item?

Answer 30

Agree strongly, Agree, Agree slightly, Disagree slightly, Disagree, Disagree strongly.

Question 31

What is the main focus of the Level 1 statistics course?

Answer 31

Descriptive statistics and introduction to probability.

Question 32

What should students calculate for the next week?

Answer 32

Mean height and standard deviation of students in Psych 1B.

Question 33

What is the mean?

Answer 33

The average value of a set of numbers ## Footnote The mean is calculated by adding all the numbers together and dividing by the count of numbers.

Question 34

Define standard deviation.

Answer 34

A measure of the amount of variation or dispersion in a set of values ## Footnote Standard deviation indicates how spread out the numbers are from the mean.

Question 35

What are descriptive statistics?

Answer 35

Statistics that summarize or describe characteristics of a data set ## Footnote Examples include measures of central tendency and measures of variability.

Question 36

What are inferential statistics?

Answer 36

Statistics that allow conclusions to be drawn about a population based on a sample ## Footnote Inferential statistics involve hypothesis testing and confidence intervals.

Question 37

What is nominal data?

Answer 37

Data that represents categories without a specific order ## Footnote Examples include gender, race, and yes/no responses.

Question 38

What is ordinal data?

Answer 38

Data that represents categories with a meaningful order but no consistent difference between categories ## Footnote Examples include rankings and ratings.

Question 39

What is interval data?

Answer 39

Numerical data with meaningful intervals but no true zero point ## Footnote Examples include temperature in Celsius or Fahrenheit.

Question 40

What is ratio data?

Answer 40

Numerical data with meaningful intervals and a true zero point ## Footnote Examples include height, weight, and age.

Question 41

Define central tendency.

Answer 41

A statistical measure that identifies a single score as representative of an entire distribution ## Footnote Measures include mean, median, and mode.

Question 42

What is spread/dispersion?

Answer 42

The extent to which a distribution varies ## Footnote Common measures of dispersion include range, variance, and standard deviation.

Question 43

What is the mode?

Answer 43

The value that appears most frequently in a data set ## Footnote A data set may have one mode, more than one mode, or no mode at all.

Question 44

What is the range?

Answer 44

The difference between the highest and lowest values in a data set ## Footnote Range = Maximum value - Minimum value.

Question 45

Define inter-quartile range (IQR).

Answer 45

The range of the middle 50% of the data ## Footnote IQR = Q3 (75th percentile) - Q1 (25th percentile).

Question 46

What does variance measure?

Answer 46

The average of the squared differences from the mean ## Footnote Variance indicates how far each number in the set is from the mean.

Question 47

What is the symbol for summation?

Answer 47

∑ ## Footnote It represents the sum of a set of numbers.

Question 48

What does 'N' represent in statistics?

Answer 48

The total number of observations or data points ## Footnote It is often used in calculations of mean and standard deviation.

Question 49

What is the median?

Answer 49

The middle value when a data set is ordered from least to greatest ## Footnote If there is an even number of observations, the median is the average of the two middle numbers.