2.7 Plant Cells And Energy Production

Question 1

Autotrophs

Answer 1

Produce food from substances in their external environment such as light to generate ATP

Question 2

Heterotrophs

Answer 2

Can’t produce their own food and use obtain nutrition form other organisms

Question 3

Energy carrying molecules used by plants in photosynthesis

Answer 3

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) and ATP

Question 4

ATP structure

Answer 4

Ribose with attached adenine and 3 phosphate group

Question 5

Photosynthesis

Answer 5

Ability of plants to convert carbon dioxide into glucose and oxygen using sunlight

6CO_2 + 6H_2O —> C_6H_12O_6 + 6O_2

Question 6

RuBisCO

Answer 6

Ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase

Question 7

RuBP

Answer 7

Ribulose 1,5bisphosphate

Question 8

G3P

Answer 8

Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate

Question 9

Most important determinants on rate of photosynthesis

Answer 9

1. Light-intensity (more=faster until peak)
2. Amount of carbon dioxide present (more=faster until peak)
3. Temperature (higher=faster to a point but then rate declines if too hot)

Question 10

Energy carrying molecules used by plants in cellular respiration

Answer 10

1. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
2. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)
3. Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)

Question 11

Cellular respiration

Answer 11

Process that converts the energy stored in NADH and FADH2 into ATP

Question 12

Aerobic respiration

Answer 12

Uses oxygen as a reactant to produce energy

1 glucose + 6O_2 produces 38 ATP, 6CO_2, and 6H_2O

Question 13

Anaerobic respiration

Answer 13

Turns glucose into energy (ATP or other energy-carrying molecules in the absence of oxygen. Produces lactic acid or ethanol.

AKA fermentation

Question 14

Primary products of aerobic respiration

Answer 14

Carbon dioxide and water

Question 15

Steps of aerobic cellular respiration

Answer 15

1. Glycolysis
2. Pyruvate oxidation
3. Kreisler cycle (citric acid cycle)
4. Electron transport chain

Question 16

Glycolysis

Answer 16

Glucose undergoes a series of chemical transformations in which it is converted to 2 pyruvate molecules and yields a net of two ATP molecules

Question 17

Pyruvate

Answer 17

Three-carbon molecule that is a product of glycolysis

Question 18

Acetyl CoA

Answer 18

Product of Pyruvate being split into a two-carbon molecule and binding to coenzyme A. the carbon that is lost combines with oxygen to produce carbon dioxide as a waste product.

Question 19

CoA

Answer 19

Coenzyme A

Carries pyruvate to the mitochondria where it is transformed into acetyl CoA to begin the Kerbs cycle

Question 20

Electron transport chain (in aerobic respiration)

Answer 20

High energy electrons are released from NADPH and FADH_2 to generate more ATP. Most of ATP is produced during this stage.

Question 21

ATP Synthase

Answer 21

Makes use of the hydrogen ion (proton) gradient created by the other parts of the electron transport chain to form ATP from ADP and a free phosphate group

Question 22

Total energy production of aerobic cellular respiration

Answer 22

38 molecules of ATP per molecule of glucose

Question 23

Role of oxygen in electron transport chain

Answer 23

Collects electrons at the end of the chain and combine them with hydrogen ions to make water.

In the absence of oxygen the ETC becomes saturated with e- and backs up the process down to the Krebs cycle

Question 24

Fermentation

Answer 24

A form of anaerobic respiration in which energy is extracted through glycolysis

Question 25

Lactic acid fermentation

Answer 25

Instead of pyruvate entering Krebs cycle, the e- released by gylcolysis are added to the pyruvate to produce lactic acid.

Question 26

Cell growth

Answer 26

The process by which cells grow in size OR The process by which cells reproduce to increase in number

Question 27

Gamete

Answer 27

A type of sex cell that has half of the normal DNA found in a somatic cell

Question 28

Somatic cell

Answer 28

Body cell

Question 29

Fertilization

Answer 29

Combining of two gametes

Question 30

Zygote

Answer 30

Result of fertilization, develops into an embryo

Question 31

Sexual reproduction

Answer 31

Requires two parent organisms or cells. Offspring not identical to parent cells but shares characteristics with each

Question 32

Asexual reproduction

Answer 32

Does not requires two parent organisms or cells. Offspring genetically identical to parent.

Question 33

Binary fission

Answer 33

Single parent cell doubles its existing DNA, replicates its internal structures, and divides into two cells. Common in bacteria.

Question 34

Budding

Answer 34

Occurs when a small growth found on a parent organism spits off and continues growing on its own. Common in yeast.

Question 35

Fragmentation

Answer 35

Occurs when an existing organism breaks into two or more fragments, which develop into new individuals. Common in plants and some marine animals such as coral, sponges, and sea stars.

Question 36

Parthenogenesis

Answer 36

Occurs when an embryo develops from an unfertilized cell. Common in fish, amphibians, and reptiles.

Question 37

Parent cell

Answer 37

The original cell that divides during cell division

Question 38

Daughter cell

Answer 38

Two are produced by the parent cell during cell division

Question 39

Cell cycle

Answer 39

Series of events that lead to the duplication of the DNA in the cell and the subsequent division of that DNA and the cytoplasm to produce two daughter cells

Question 40

Meiosis

Answer 40

Cell division that results in four genetically distinct cells each with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell. Involved in sexual reproduction only

Question 41

Mitosis

Answer 41

Cels division that results in two cells that are genetically identical and have the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell Primarily involved in the growth and maintenance of organism systems and asexual reproduction

Question 42

Chromosome

Answer 42

Consists of two identical chromatids called sister chromatids bound together by a centromere

Question 43

Interphase (S) stage

Answer 43

The time when the cell isn’t dividing but may be growing and replicating DNA Has three phases including - G1 phase (first gap) - S phase (synthesis of DNA) - G2 phase (second gap) Precedes mitotic (M) phase

Question 44

Mitotic (M) phase

Answer 44

Relatively short phase that includes - prophase - metaphase - anaphase - telophase

Question 45

Prophase

Answer 45

Step 1 of the Mitotic Phase The cell has no nuclear envelope and prepares to divide by tightly condensing its chromosomes which pair up - spindle fibers emerge and chromosomes condense, becoming visible - the nucleolus disappears - the nuclear envelope breaks down

Question 46

Metaphase

Answer 46

Step 2 of the Mitotic Phase Cell begins to elongate and chromosomes line up along the center of the cell - mitotic spindle fully developed and centrosomes form at opposite poles of the cell - chromosomes line up at the metaphase plate - sister chromatids attach to the spindle fiber

Question 47

Anaphase

Answer 47

Step 3 of the Mitotic Phase Cell continues to elongate and the chromosomes are pulled apart - sister chromatids break down - chromosomes (formerly sister chromatids) move toward poles of the cell - a cleavage furrow starts to appear

Question 48

Telophase

Answer 48

Step 4 of the Mitotic Phase Cell develops a nuclear envelope and begins to pinch in the middle - chromosomes start to form a normal, jumbled arrangement - a nuclear envelope surrounds the chromosomes - the mitotic spindle breaks down

Question 49

G1 phase

Answer 49

Cell accumulates the building blocks necessary to duplicate the chromosomes

Question 50

S phase

Answer 50

DNA replication occurs and sister chromatids are created. They are held together by two centrosomes to make a mitotic bundle that facilitates chromosome movement

Question 51

G2 phase

Answer 51

Cell accumulates necessary materials for the movement of chromosomes, duplicating important organelles. In this phase the cell may grow.

Question 52

Cytokinesis

Answer 52

Division of the cytoplasm of a parent cell to form two new cells. Starts in anaphase and ends shortly after telophase

Question 53

Diploid

Answer 53

Cell that has two sets of chromosomes

Question 54

Haploid

Answer 54

Cell with a single set of chromosomes

Question 55

Meiosis I

Answer 55

Number of chromosomes is halved Consists of - interphase I - prophase I - metaphase I - anaphase I - telophase I

Question 56

Meiosis II

Answer 56

Generates two more haploid daughter cells from duplicated sister chromatids present in the daughter cells of meiosis I

Question 57

Interphase I

Answer 57

Occurs before meiosis I Very similar to interphase the precedes mitosis