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Intro To Biology > 2.4 Understanding Cellular Structure And Function > Flashcards

2.4 Understanding Cellular Structure And Function Flashcards

1
Q

Basis for the study of biology

A

Cells

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2
Q

Robert Hooke

A

First discovered cells in 1665 when observing a cork under a microscope.

Divisions within the cork looked similar to cells, or living spaces, inhabited by monks

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3
Q

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

A

Advanced understanding of cells when in 1674 became the first person to witness a live cell using a microscope

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4
Q

Electron microscopes

A

EMs increase magnification to approx 100,000x the actual size of a sample, making it possible to see the internal structures within a cell

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5
Q

Scanning electron microscopes (SEMs) and Transmission electron microscopes (TEMs)

A

can be used to see smaller structures such a proteins, lipids, and even atoms but must be nonliving due to prep with strong chemical and physical treatments

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6
Q

Matthias Schleiden and Theodore Schwann

A

Developed cell theory in 1838

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7
Q

Modern Cell Theory

A
  1. All living organisms are made of cells
  2. Cells are the basic unit of life
  3. All cells arise from preexisting cells
  4. Hereditary information is passed from cell to cell
  5. All cells have the same basic chemical composition
  6. Energy flow occurs within cells
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8
Q

Four key components of cells

A
  1. Plasma membrane
  2. Cytosol
  3. DNA
  4. Ribosomes
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9
Q

Cytosol

A

Jelly-like fluid in which intracellular organelles are suspended

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10
Q

Organelles

A

Specialized cellular structures that have specific functions within the cell

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11
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Space within the cell that contains the cytosol and cytoskeleton

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12
Q

Ribosomes

A

Sphere shaped structures in cytoplasm, composed of RNA and protein

Synthesize proteins

Cells that have higher rates of protein synthesis contain more ribosomes

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13
Q

Prokaryotes

A
  1. Don’t have a nucleus or other membrane bound organelles
  2. Unicellular
  3. Divided into two major domains: Archaea and Bacteria
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14
Q

Pili (pilus)

A

Hair-like appendages found on cell surface of many bacteria

Help bacteria adhere

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15
Q

Cell wall

A

Rigid layer of sugar based molecules surrounding most bacteria and archaea (and plnt cells)

Provides structural support and protection from dehydration

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16
Q

Capsule

A

Sugar-containing layer considered part of bacterial cell membrane

AKA slime layer

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17
Q

Nucleoid

A

Irregularly shaped region within prokaryotes that contains ost DNA. Not surrounded by nuclear membrane

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18
Q

Flagellum

A

Microscopic, tail-like appendage found on many bacterial cells, enables movement

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19
Q

Prokaryotic chromosome

A

Single, circular double stranded DNA

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20
Q

Peptidoglycan

A

Made of sugars and proteins, cell wall component

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21
Q

Phospholipid bilayer

A

Plasma membrane

Selectively permeable, controls flow of molecules, ions, proteins

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22
Q

Typical prokaryotic cell diameter

A

0.5-1.0 micrometers

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23
Q

Typical range of eukaryotic cell diameter

A

10-100 micrometers

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24
Q

Extremeophiles

A

Organisms capable of thriving in very harsh environments

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25
Key defining features of eukaryotes
1. Membrane-bound nucleus 2. Membrane-bound organelles 3. Multiple rod-shaped chromosomes where DNA is stored
26
Nucleus
Highly specialized organelle that serves as the information-processing center, directs cellular activities, and controls DNA transcription and synthesis
27
Microvilli
Finger like projections that increase the cell’s surface area Allows for prolonged contact with fluids such as digested food
28
Nuclear envelope
Double membrane that surrounds the nucleus and offers extra layer of protection Barrier for potentially harmful bacteria, enzymes, pathogens
29
Nucloplasm
Semi-soft fluid that contains the nucleolus and chromatin
30
Nucleolus
Smaller region within the nucleus that produces ribosomes Once created the ribosomes leave the nucleus
31
Endomembrane system
Carries out protein synthesis, transports proteins, molecules, ions across membranes, detoxifies poisons Includes nuclear membrane and endoplasmic reticulum
32
Endoplasmic reticulum
Plasma membrane that folds in on itself within the cell Composed of sacs and cisternae
33
Cisternae
Tubules found in the endoplasmic reticulum
34
Lumen
The internal parts of the endoplasmic reticulum, separated from the cytosol
35
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Studded with ribosomes Ribosomes release protein products into lumen where they are folded, processed, and transported
36
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Primary function is to manufacture lipids or fats Can also perform detoxification functions Stores calcium ions used to contract muscles of cells Few to no ribosomes
37
Golgi apparatus
Finishes production of protein and lipid products produced by endoplasmic reticulum and package them into vesicles to send to other regions of the cell
38
Vesicles
Tiny, membrane-bound, bubble-like sacs used for transport
39
Cis face
Receiving end of Golgi apparatus
40
Trans face
The exit side of the Golgi apparatus
41
Mitochondria
Produce cellular energy by producing adenosine triphosphate (ATP) Contains its own ribosomes and DNA Cells that require a lot of energy such as muscle cells have more mitochondria
42
ATP
An energy-carrying molecule produced by cellular respiration
43
Cellular respiration
Process of making ATP from oxygen, glucose, and other nutrients Produces carbon dioxide as waste
44
Cristae
Inner membrane layer of the mitochondria
45
Lysosomes
Filled with enzymes capable of breaking down proteins, polysaccharides, lipids, nucleic acids, and old organelles into products such as amino acids and peptides
46
Autophagy
Process of recycling the cell material
47
Peroxisomes
Break down lipids and fats Made from endoplasmic reticulum and important in detoxifying harmful substances and remove free radicals
48
Proteosomes
Protein enzymes that break down damage or unused proteins
49
Free radicals
Normal products of cellular metabolism but can be harmful to cell in large quantities
50
Vesicles
Membrane-surrounded sacs located in the cytoplasm that can bond to other membranes and move cell material such as ribosomes or amino acids
51
Vacuoles
Membrane-surrounded sacs located in the cytoplasm that never fuse to other membranes Store molecules before they’re released from the cell Can swell and take up to 90% of the cytoplasm in plant cells
52
Exocytosis
Process of releasing molecules from the cell
53
Endocytosis
Process of bringing molecules into the cell
54
Typical size of animal cell
10-30 micrometers
55
Typical size of plant cell
10-100 micrometers
56
Chloroplasts
Absorb sunlight which is converted into sugars through photosynthesis
57
Chlorophyll
Absorbs sunlight Gives plants their green color
58
Thylakoids
Interconnected sacs that make up the inner membrane of chloroplasts
59
Grana
Stacks of thylakoids
60
Stroma
Fluid surrounding grana Contains ribosomes and chloroplast DNA
61
Plastids
Family of related organelles that include chloroplasts, amyloplasts, and chromoplasts
62
Amyloplasts
Usually store and synthesize starch in the roots which can then be converted to glucose and used for energy
63
Chromoplasts
Store the pigments that give fruits and vegetables their colors
64
Cell wall thickness
0.10-10 micrometers thick
65
Types of eukaryotic organisms
Protists, fungi, plants, animals

Intro To Biology (21 decks)

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