27 Vaccination Flashcards by Yasmin Yau

what is active immunisation

Administration of antigen in order to induce active production (takes time to generate response) of immunity and thus protection from disease

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what immunity is created following active immunisation

specific for antigen given

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is immunological memory is induced following active immunisation

yes

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what does immunity involve for active immunisation

AB and/or T cell responses

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what immunity can be induced following active vaccination

systemic and/or mucosal immunity

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when is the protection in place following active immunisation

not immediate

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what is the first ever virus eradicated

small pox

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what is variolation

in china - potentially dangerous, scrap the scab and powder it in hope it would act as a protection

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what was the cowpox vaccine like

not variolation - as not using material from the organism itself

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why did the cowpox cure smallpox

elicit proteins of cowpox, can bind to smallpox virus and stop it infecting

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what is the initial response following infection/vaccination

IgM

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whay is herd immunity

more vaccinated against it in community the harder it is to spread

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what are live attenuated vaccines

Organisms whose virulence has been reduced e.g. by repeated culture in vitro

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what do live attenuated vaccines cause

Multiply in host, mimicking natural infection but causing no/mild symptoms
Immune response mimics that generated by natural infection

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what are the risks of live attenuated vaccines

potential for severe infection in immunodeficiency
potential to revert to virulent strain
storage conditions critical for stability

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what immunity is induced following live attenuated vaccines

systemic/mucosal immunity

long lasting memory

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what is the problem with live attenuated vaccines

not suitable/possible for all viruses

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examples of live attenuated vaccines

MMR

BCG

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what is the effect when vaccinated with killed viruses

Preparations of whole inactivated virus/bacteria

Don’t multiply in host

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what is the immunity induced following killed vaccines

Usually only systemic immunity induced

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how many doses of live attenuated are required

one

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how many doses of killed vaccines are required

several doses

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what is the risk with killed vaccines

Large amount of antigen needed – risk of reaction – partly overcome by using adjuvants

inactivation process may alter structure
not suitable for all organisms

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what are the ‘no risks’ with killed vaccines

no risk of infection (unless faulty inactivation)
no risk of reversion to virulence
tend to be more stable for storage

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examples of killed vaccines

``` killed polio (salk) influenza ```

what is the effect mixing an antigen with adjuvant

good response

what is the adjuvant mechanisms of action

1. sustained release of antigen at site of infection 2. upregulation of cytokines and chemokines 3. cellular recruitment at infection site 4. increase antigen uptake and presentation to APC 5. activation and maturation of APC (increased MHC class II and costimulatory molecules expression) and migration to draining lymph nodes 6. activation of inflammasomes

example of adjuvant

alum - aluminium hydroxide

what happens when alum mixed with killed vaccine materials

Triggers NLRP3 inflammasome which turns on inflammatory markers = increase response Local cytokine production

what are subunit vaccines made of

Consist of parts of organisms/products of organisms

effect after subunit vaccine

Immunisation doesn’t mimic natural infection but induces a response which prevents disease

what immunity is induced after subunit vaccine

usually only systemic immunity induced

how many doses are required following subunit vaccine

several

what is required in subunit vaccine

adjuvant

what are the 'no risks' of subunit vaccines

- no risk of infection - no risk of reversion to virulence - no unwanted components in vaccine

examples of subunit vaccines

tetanus toxoid Hep B Group C meningococcus

examples of subunit conjugate vaccines

meningococcal group C vaccine

what is the response to polysaccharide antigen conjugated to protein

(e.g. Dip toxoid or tetanus toxoid) | seeing polysaccharide not protein of the conjugate, gives T cell help, can get AB that are specific to polysaccharide

what is genetic shift

genetic reassortment

what does genetic shift cause

- pandemics | - cross-species mixing of virus genes

what is genetic drift

continuous mutational changes

what does genetic drift cause

- seasonal/epidemic

what is antigenic drift

neutralising AB against hemagglutinin block binding to cells --> mutations after epitopes in hemagglutinin so that neutralising AB no longer binds

what is antigenic shifr

antigenic shift occurs when RNA segments are exchanged between viral strains in secondary host --> no cross-protection immunity to virus expressing a novel hemagglutinin

all vaccines - contraindications to immunisation

- acute illness | - severe reaction to previous dose of same vaccine

live vaccines - contraindications to immunisation

- pregnancy - primary immunodeficiency - secondary immunodeficiency e.g. high dose steroids, cancer chemotherapy, HIV infection

allergic - contraindications to immunisation

Patient known to be allergic to vaccine/component - influenza may contain traces of egg protein - some viral vaccine contain traces of AB e.g. polymyxin or neomycin

what does poliovirus consist of

Poliovirus consists of RNA genome enclosed in protein shell capsid

how does poliovirus infect

oral-faecal route

what are the polioviruses that naturally occur

wild polioviruses

what are the serotypes of wild poliovirus

- type 1 - type 2 - type 3

how do the wild serotypes of poliovirus differ

slightly different capsid protein

what % of infected people with poliovirus not show symptoms

what is the route of infection for poliovirus

oral-faecal - enters body via mouth - replicated in intestine - shed from body via faeces

what is iPV

inactivated polio vaccine

what is the problems with IPV

- relatively expensive | - little immunity in intestine

what is the benefits of IPV

extremely safe

what is OPV

live oral polio vaccine

what are the benefits of OPV

relatively cheap | good immunity in intestine – stop transmission

how is IPV administered

injection

how is OPV administered

orally

what are the problems with OPV

very safe, can revert to disease-causing form

what is OPV trivalent

protects against all 3 strains

what is OPV bivalent

protects against 1 and 3

what is OPV monovalent

protects against strain 1 or 3

which is the least effective OPV

trivalent bivalent = 30% more effective than trivalent and monovalent more effective than trivalent

27 Vaccination Flashcards

(66 cards)