1 Immunity

Question 1

immune system protects against

Answer 1

bacteria
viruses
fungi
parasites

Question 2

bacteria examples

Answer 2

mycobacterium tuberculosis = tuberculosis

Question 3

virus examples

Answer 3

influenza = flu

Question 4

parasite examples

Answer 4

plasmodium falciparum = malaria

Question 5

fungi examples

Answer 5

candida albicans = thrush

Question 6

immune system challenges

Answer 6

diverse nature of pathogens
vast range of pathogens
rapid growth of microbes
minimise host damage

Question 7

recognition

Answer 7

locate and identify pathogen

Question 8

defence

Answer 8

repel or destroy pathogen

Question 9

fundamental features of immunology

Answer 9

specificity
memory
self-discrimination

Question 10

specificity

Answer 10

specific immune response

Question 11

memory

Answer 11

from vaccination, subsequent infection rapid immunological response

Question 12

self-discrimination

Answer 12

make sure will not recognise self

Question 13

mucosal surface route of infection for pathogens

Answer 13

airway
GI tract
reproductive tract

Question 14

airways infection

Answer 14

inhaled droplet - influenza virus causes influenza

spores e.g.Bacillus anthracis causes inhalation anthrax

Question 15

GI tract infection

Answer 15

contaminated food/water e.g. rotavirus causes diarrhoea

Question 16

reproductive tract infection

Answer 16

physical contact - HIV causes AIDs

Question 17

external epithelia routes of infection for pathogens

Answer 17

external surface
wounds
insect bites

Question 18

external surface infection

Answer 18

physical contact - Trichophyton causes athletes foot

Question 19

wounds infection

Answer 19

puncture wounds - Clostridium tetani causes Tetanus

Question 20

insect bites infection

Answer 20

mosquito bites - Flavivirus causes yellow fever

Question 21

levels of defence against pathogens

Answer 21

mucosal surfaces
innate immunity
adaptive immunity

Question 22

mucosal surface defence

Answer 22

have things in them that help repel pathogen

Question 23

innate immunity defence

Answer 23

just behind the mucosal surfaces waiting to be activated if foreign objects enter

Question 24

adaptive immunity defence

Answer 24

specialised recognises particular pathogen that enters the body

Question 25

cells in innate immunity

Answer 25

``` macrophages mast cells natural killer neutrophil complement proteins granulocytes ```

Question 26

macrophages

Answer 26

phagocytic cell

Question 27

complement proteins

Answer 27

activated when pathogen comes into body

Question 28

Neutrophil

Answer 28

phagocytic cells in the blood, they migrate from blood into tissues where pathogen is

Question 29

Innate immunity features

Answer 29

- Quickly activated - same on repeated exposure to the same microbe - Moderate efficiency - General response

Question 30

innate immunity recognition

Answer 30

- Recognition of ‘pathogen-associated molecular patterns’ (PAMPs), e.g. bacterial lipopolysaccharide, viral double-stranded RNA Cells of innate immune system express PRR on surface when a pathogen is present Pathogens show PAMPS on their surface which is recognized TLR recognise different PAMPS on bacterial surfaces Some TLR are inside the cell many in cell recognize virus

Question 31

adaptive immunity cells

Answer 31

``` B cell (antibodies-immunoglobins) T cells (help other cells of immune system / kill other cells of immune system – cytotoxic) Lymphocytes ```

Question 32

adaptive immunity features

Answer 32

- slowly activated - Improves on repeated exposure to same microbe - High efficiency - Specific response tailored to individual microbes - Recognition of antigens specific to each type of microbe

Question 33

what does adaptive immunity lead to

Answer 33

- Cell Mediated Immunity = T and B cells | - Humoral Immunity = antibodies

Question 34

recognition of innate immunity

Answer 34

rapid response (hours) fixed limited number of specificities constant during response

Question 35

recognition of adaptive immunity

Answer 35

``` slow response (days to weeks) variable numerous highly selective specificities improve during response ```

Question 36

what are innate immune cells recognised by

Answer 36

- Recognition by ‘pattern recognition receptors’ (PRRs) that are widely expressed on many cell types, e.g. toll-like receptors

Question 37

what are adaptive immune cells recognised by

Answer 37

- Recognition by antigen-specific receptors clonally expressed by lymphocytes

Question 38

what is the response to diverse pathogen nature

Answer 38

range of defence mechanisms

Question 39

what is the response to vast pathogen range

Answer 39

vast antigen receptor range

Question 40

what is the response to rapid microbial growth

Answer 40

rapid inflammatory response

Question 41

what is the response to minimise host damage

Answer 41

regulatory mechanisms