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broadcasting in the public interest > Chapters 1-3 (History of Broadcast Media, History of Cable, Home Video and the Internet, and Audio + Video Technology) > Flashcards

Chapters 1-3 (History of Broadcast Media, History of Cable, Home Video and the Internet, and Audio + Video Technology) Flashcards

1
Q

Interlace Scanning

A

Reads the odd lines first and then goes back to read the even lines (1,3,5,2,4,6)

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2
Q

Progressive Scanning

A

Reads every line in order (1,2,3,4,5,6)

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3
Q

Bandwidth

A

What frequencies the the station can use

Range within a band of frequencies/wavelengths

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4
Q

Where are UHF frequencies occupied on a TV?

A

Channels 14-83

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5
Q

Where are VHF frequencies occupied on a TV?

A

Channels 2-13

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6
Q

What is transduction?

A

Changing energy from one form to another

At the heart of audio and video technology

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7
Q

What does it mean when the transduction is analog?

A

The transformed energy resembles the original.

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8
Q

What does it mean when the transduction is digital

A

The original is transformed into a series of numbers.

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9
Q

Five main steps of Audio and Video Signal processing?

A

Signal Generation, Amplification and Processing, Transmission, Reception, and Storage/Retrieval

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10
Q

Difference between AM and FM radios

A

Carrier wave is modulated for AM

The frequency is modulated for FM

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11
Q

What channels do the AM occupy?

A

107 AM channels between 540 and 1700 Khz

Each channel occupies 10 Hz of bandwidth

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12
Q

What channels do the FM occupy?

A

100 FM channels between 88 and 108 Mhz

Each channel is 200 Khz wide

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13
Q

Signal Generation and Recording: The Difference between Mechanical and Digital Technologies?

A

Mechanical=Microphones, tape recorders

Digital=CD’s, DVD’s, and computer files.

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14
Q

What do amplifiers do?

A

Boost or modify electrical signals

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15
Q

What do mixing consoles and control boards do?

A

Mix, route, and process signals

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16
Q

Transmission: How much of the electromagnetic spectrum does TV and radio occupy

A

Only a portion, and they are assigned specific frequencies

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17
Q

What are examples of analog audio storage?

A

Phonograph records and cassette tapes

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18
Q

What are examples of digital audio storage?

A

CDs, DVDs, Computer hard drives, Digital audio tape (DAT)

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19
Q

What is an example of analog video storage?

A

VHS tapes

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20
Q

What are examples of digital video storage?

A

Digital Versatile Disk (DVD)

Digital Video Recorder (DVR)

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21
Q

What does compression do to digital and audio files? What are some examples?

A

Makes them smaller (JPEG, MPEG2)

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22
Q

What is oscillation?

A

The vibration of a sound or a radio wave

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23
Q

What defines the frequency of a radio wave?

A

Oscillation

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24
Q

What is the electromagnetic spectrum?

A

Electromagnetic radiation that we were able to “piggyback” our own electronic signal on waves that exist within the environments

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25
Q

How is a television signal generated onto a screen

A

Line-by-line scanning of an image

26
Q

How are AM radio channels classified?

A

Clear, Regional, and Local Channels

27
Q

How are FM radio channels classified?

A

According to power and antenna height

28
Q

What did Guglielmo Marconi do?

A

Experimented with radio transmitters and recievers, eventually he was able to send a radio signal more than a mile
Realized biggest potential for use was in ship-to-ship and ship-to-shore communication
Received his patent for a wireless telegraphy system and formed his own company to make and sell device

29
Q

What did Reginald Fessenden do?

A

Worked with General Electric Company to build a high-speed alternator which gave him the ability to send the human voice via radio waves. Moved radio from dots and dashes to human voice.

30
Q

What did Lee De Forest do?

A

Experimented with the Fleming valve to use an inserted small wire grid as an amplifier to boost weak radio signals.
Named this invention the audion, moved radio into the electronic age

31
Q

What 3 companies were interested in early radio?

A

General Electric, Westinghouse, and AT&T. These companies held patents needed by others, many legal battles hampered radio’s early development

32
Q

What was essential for radio growth in the 1920s?

A

Early stations were experimental and broadcast was basically accidentally discovered. Grew quickly so much that radio networks and advertising were developed and the federal gov’t took charge of radio regulation

33
Q

What happened when World War 1 was over for radio?

A

The RCA was formed and quickly became the leading company in American radio

34
Q

What was the period from 1930 to 1948 called and why was it called that?

A

“The Golden Age of Radio”, radio was the prime source of news and entertainment for the nation. This changed when TV came in 1950

35
Q

What did Vladmir Zworykin and Philo Farnsworth accomplish together?

A

Perfected a method of electronic scanning, which eventually became the modern basis for television.

36
Q

What did Vladmir Zworykin do?

A

Developed the “iconoscope”, which is also known as the eye of an electronic TV camera.

37
Q

What did Philo Farnsworth do?

A

Developed an “image dissector”, which was a different design that Zworykin’s iconoscope but accomplished essentially the same thing

38
Q

What did the FCC do to TV stations from 1948 to 1952 and why?

A

Froze applications for TV stations because it needed to determine standards for the new medium.

39
Q

How did radio react to the growth of television?

A

Became a localized medium that depended on formats to attract specific segments of the listening audience.

40
Q

What did the Telecommunications Act of 1996 do?

A

Made TV business mroe competitive by allowing telephone companies to offer TV servicesPrompted a wave of consolidation in the radio industry

41
Q

When and why did cable television become a medium?

A

Cable television began in the late 1940s early 1950s because viewers in the mountainous and rural areas wanted to be a part of the “TV craze”

42
Q

When did cable’s explosive growth begin and due to what reasons?

A

The explosion of cable began in the 1970s and it was spurred by the adoption of new FCC rules, the spread of satellites for program distributors, and the rise of innovative programming services

43
Q

What did cable’s growth create? Examples?

A

It created competition: Direct broadcast satellite and the video cassette recorder (VCR)

44
Q

When did the VCR and DVD explode onto the scene? What is currently threatening these devices?

A

They exploded onto the scene in the 1980s and the growing use of the Internet for streaming may threaten the growth of the industry

45
Q

What is the video /audio segment of the Internet called?

A

The World Wide Web (WWW)

46
Q

What is the Internet a by-product of?

A

The Cold War b/t the Soviet Union and the U.S. due to an initiative to link major universities and civil defense sites to avert nuclear war

47
Q

What does ARPA stand for and what did it do?

A

Advanced Research Projects Agency. It created the internet following the successful launch by Russia of its Sputnik satellite

48
Q

By the 1970s what were most ARPANET users using the system for?

A

Researchers and college professors were using it to exchange electronic messages (email was taking shape)

49
Q

What did Apple and IBM PC bring?

A

They brought a new class of entrepreneurs, experimenters, and enthusiasts to the field of computing, the sales of personal computers skyrocketed. Individual comp users could now connect to one another to exchange data

50
Q

What is the audion and who invented it?

A

A plate and thin wire used to detect radio waves, acts as an amplifier that boosts weak radio signals. Lee De Forest invented this

51
Q

What was the name of the first radio operating station?

A

KDKA

52
Q

What company was set up in 1926 to separate the parent company from the broadcasting operation?

A

NBC

53
Q

What did the “Red” network in NBC consist of?

A

Stations acquired from AT&T when the phone company left the broadcasting business

54
Q

What did the “Blue” network in NBC consist of?

A

Stations that were originally owned by RCA, Westinghouse, and GE

55
Q

What did the Wireless Ship Act of 1910 require?

A

Required certain passenger vessels to carry wireless sets on board

56
Q

What did the Radio Act of 1912 accomplish? What preceded it to force the making of this act?

A

Required stations to be licensed by Secretary of Commerce who could assign wavelengths and time limits. The sinking of the Titanic caused this because there was a lot of interference on the radio waves after the disaster which hampered the rescuers

57
Q

What did the Radio Act of 1927 accomplish?

A

Established radio spectrum as national resource, individuals had to be licensed to use them
Licensees would have to operate in public interest
Government censorship was forbidden

58
Q

What was created in 1934 to streamline government administration and replace the FRC

A

The FCC (Federal Communications Commission)

59
Q

Who came up with the World Wide Web in 1989 to retrieve info on network databases?

A

Tim Berners-Lee

60
Q

What is the URL stand for and what does it do?

A

Universal Resource Locator: addresses used to locate info on the network and send it back to person requesting info

broadcasting in the public interest (3 decks)

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