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Biology 112 > Chapter 26- Speciation > Flashcards

Chapter 26- Speciation Flashcards

0
Q

Species

A

An evolutionarily independent population or groyp of populations.

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1
Q

Speciation

A

A splitting event that creates two or more distinct species from a single ancestral group.

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2
Q

Genetic Isolation

A

The isolation of a population’s genes due to a lack of gene flow.

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3
Q

Genetic Divergence

A

When selection, genetic drift, and mutation act independently upon isolated populations.

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4
Q

Biological Species Concept

A

Species are indentified by reproductive isolation. Populations are of different species if they are unable to produce offspring with each other.

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5
Q

Reproductive Isolation

A

The inability of two isolated populations to interbreed.

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6
Q

Prezygotic Isolation

A

Prevents individuals from different species from mating.

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7
Q

Postzygotic Isolation

A

The offspring of matings between members of different species do not survive or reproduce.

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8
Q

Temporal Isolation

A

Populations are isolated because they breed at different times.

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9
Q

Habitat Isolation

A

Populations are isolated because they breed in different habitats.

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10
Q

Behavioral Isolation

A

Populations do not interbreed because their courtship displays differ.

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11
Q

Gametic Barrier

A

Matings fail because eggs and sperm are incompatible.

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12
Q

Mechanical Isolation

A

Matings fail because male and female reproductive structures are incompatible.

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13
Q

Hybrid Viability

A

Hybrid offspring do not develop normally and die as embryos.

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14
Q

Hybrid Sterility

A

Hybrid offspring mature but are sterile as adults.

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15
Q

Morphospecies Concept

A

Species are identified by differences in size, shape, or other morphological features.

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16
Q

Cryptic Species

A

Species that differ in traits other than morphology.

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17
Q

Morphology

A

The physical form and appearance of an individual.

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18
Q

Phylogenetic Species Concept

A

Identifies evolutionarily independent lineages by reconstructing the evolutionary history of populations.

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19
Q

Monophyletic Group/Clade/Lineage

A

Consists of an ancestral population, all of its descendents, and only those descendents.

20
Q

Synapomorphy

A

A trait found in certain groups of organisms that exists in no others.

21
Q

Common Ancestry

A

The sharing of an ancestral species.

22
Q

Phylogenetic Trees

A

A branching diagram of the connections between ancestral and descendent species.

23
Q

Phylogeny

A

A family tree of ancestral species and their descendents.

24
Q

Subspecies

A

Populations that live in discrete geographic areas and have distinguishing features but not distinct enough to be considered a separate species.

25
Q

Endangered Species Act

A

A law whose goal is to prevent the extinction of species.

26
Q

Allopatry

A

When populations live in different areas.

27
Q

Allopatric Speciation

A

Speciation that begins with physical isolation.

28
Q

Vicariance

A

A physical splitting of habitat.

29
Q

Dispersal

A

The spreading of a population to a new habitat, where they colonize it and found a new population.

30
Q

Biogeography

A

The study of how species and populations are are distributed geographically.

31
Q

Colonization

A

The migration of a population to a new area where a new population is founded.

32
Q

Sympatry

A

When populations live close enough to make interbreeding possible.

33
Q

Sympatric Speciation

A

Speciation that occurs even though gene flow is possible.

34
Q

Disruptive Speciation

A

Natural selection that selects for the extreme phenotypes on the phenotypic scale.

35
Q

Polyploidy

A

The condition that mutant individuals have more than two sets of chromosomes.

36
Q

Nondisjunction

A

The failure of chromosomes to split during meiosis or mitosis.

37
Q

Triploid

A

Having three chromosomes.

38
Q

Tetraploid

A

Having four chromosomes instead of two.

39
Q

Autopolyploidy

A

Individuals with twice the amount of chromosomes from the same species.

40
Q

Allopolyploid

A

Individuals with double the number of chromosomes from parents of two different species.

41
Q

Self Fertilization

A

When a parent can fertilize their own eggs.

42
Q

Reinforcement

A

Selection for traits that isolate populations because hybrid offspring are a wasted effort of the parents and individuals who do not interbreed produce more viable offspring.

43
Q

Hybrid Zone

A

A geographic area where interbreeding occurs and hybrid offspring are common.

44
Q

Mitochondrial DNA

A

DNA that is maternally inherited in most animals and plants and can be used to determine the parent species of hybrids.

45
Q

Fusion of Populations

A

Two populations freely interbreed

46
Q

Backcrossing

A

Mating hybrids with a member of one of their parent species.

47
Q

Secondary Contact

A

When two populations come into contact with each other.

48
Q

Hybridization

A

The creation of hybrids between two species.

Biology 112 (12 decks)

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