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Biology > 6 - Cell Structures & Function > Flashcards

6 - Cell Structures & Function Flashcards

chapter 7

0
Q

The nuclear envelope, what is it’s purpose? And is it single membrane, or double?

A

encloses the nucleus

Double membrane

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1
Q

What is stored in the nucleus?

A

Chromosomes & information storage

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2
Q

Define the nuclear lamina

A

it is the fibrous protein shell - strengthens the structure and maintains it’s shape
on the interior chromosomes attach to it

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3
Q

What is in the nucleolus?

A

Where RNA molecules found in ribosomes are made + small and large ribosomal subunits are made

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4
Q

What is the endoplasmic reticulum?

A

“inside formed network”

it extends from the nuclear envelope into the cytoplasm

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5
Q

What is different between the rough endoplasmic reticulum and the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

A

rough ER - purpose is to synthesize proteins

smooth ER - purpose is to catalyze reactions involving lipids

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6
Q

Describe what the rough endoplasmic reticulum does

A

makes proteins for - plasma membrane, secreted into the cell exterior, or shipped to an organelle

the ribosomes on the exterior manufacture the proteins the then move inside on the lumen to undergo folding

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7
Q

What are the functions of some of the proteins produced by the rough ER?

A
  • carry messages out to other cells
  • act as membrane transport proteins or pumps
  • enzymes

Rough ER products are packaged up and shipped out

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8
Q

The smooth endoplasmic reticulum - what is the purpose?

A
  • contains enzymes that catalyze reactions w/ lipids
  • could break down lipids
  • manufacturing site for phospholipids used in plasma membranes
  • reservoir for calcium ions that act as signaling
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9
Q

What is the purpose of the cytoskeleton?

A

to hold the shape

long polymers of globular proteins

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10
Q

What is the most prominent cell in bacteria?

A

Chromosome

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11
Q

What is the purpose of ribosomes?

A

to manufacture proteins

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12
Q

Describe a periosome

A 
single membrane
originates from the ER
contains transporters for macromolecules
Function: oxidizes FA (H2O2)
Said to contain: catalase
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13
Q

Describe the Golgi apparatus

A

for folding and finishing of proteins
cis side close to RER, receiver bay for Proteins from RER
trans surface -> plasma membrane, shipping bay

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14
Q

The smooth ER - describe

A

contains enzymes to catalyze lipids
manufacturing site for phospholipids -> cell membrane
Reservoir for CA ions
has no ribosomes

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15
Q

Describe glyoxysomes

A

in plants

oxidizes fats for storage

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16
Q

Describe Lysosomes

A 
Single membrane
contains protein pump
maintains a pH of 5.0 
acid hydrolases
function: digestion & recycling -> monomers
autophagy & phagocytosis
17
Q

define phagocytosis

A

“eat cell act”

a membrane surrounded package delivers to the lysosome to breakdown contents

18
Q

define autophagy

A

“same eating”

breaking down damaged organelles

19
Q

Does the mitochondria have a single or double wall?

A

double

20
Q

Which organelle carries it’s own chromosomes allowing it to make it’s own genes?

A

the mitochondria

21
Q

What is the difference between the Prokaryote cell and a Eukaryote cell?

A

Procayote are small, not bound organelles, has some genetic material

Eukaryote can be 10-50 times bigger
Compartments allow for greater size
arganelles have various jobs

22
Q

What is the difference between plants and animal cells?

A

Plants have a cell wall, not a plasma membrane
Power for plants is found in the chloroplast not the mitochondria
Plants have a vacuole - for storing

23
Q

Define glycolipids

A

Lipids that contain a carbohydrate group

24
Q

What is the neucleus enclosed in?

A

Nuclear envelope

25
Q

What is contained within the nucleolus?

A

the neucleus

26
Q

What is the main purpose of the ribosomes?

A

Produce proteins

27
Q

What are the components of the endomembrane system?

A 
golgi apparatus
rough endoplasmic reticulum
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Ribosmes
lysosomes
plasma membrane
28
Q

define lumen

A

interior of a sac

29
Q

What are nuclear pores?

A

Openings in the nuclear envelope

as well a connection site for the nucleus and cytosol

30
Q

When proteins are being synthesized by a ribosome where are the three destinations

A

exported from the cell
to the cell membrane -> plasma membrane
lysosomes

31
Q

Describe the secretory pathway hypothesis for a protein starting at a ribosome to ejection from the cell

A

The ribosome attaches to the RER -> proteins enters the lumen of the RER while being synthesised by the ribosome
Protein exits ER -> cis face of Golgi apparatus
Golgi - folds and finishes the protein
packages it up and ships out to plasm membrane

32
Q

What crosses the nuclear envelope?

A

mRNA out

proteins in

33
Q

What are the 5 steps to the signaling hypothesis

A

1 - Ribosome makes Protein into the Er with a signal sequence on it - PO
2 - Sequence binds to signal recognition particle (SRP) a complex of RNA & Protein
3 - Ribosome + signal sequence + SRP attaches to receptor in ER Membrane (acts as a key) => unlocks it
4 - once unlocked releases SRP
5 - signal sequence removed & protein synthesis complete

34
Q

How does on know the synthesis of a mambane protein differs from one that will be exported?

A

it would be directly inserted into the membrane as it is being synthesized instead of fee floating in the lumen

35
Q

When proteins enter the ER what is added?

A

glycosylation adds carbohydrate groups to proteins

36
Q

what side of the Golgi apparatus is facing the RER

A

-cis

37
Q

Which side of the Golgi apparatus faces away from the RER?

A

trans face

38
Q

define endocytosis

A

general term for pinching off of the plasma membrane that results in the uptake of material from outside of the cell

39
Q

Define exocytosis

A

secretion of intracellular molecules contained within membrane-bound vesicles, to the outside of the cell by fusion of the vesicles to the plasm membrane
contrasing endocytosis

40
Q

Every protein that comes out of the Golgi has a molecular tag with a destination - Where are those three destinations?

A

Endoplasmic Reticulum
Plasma membrane
lysosomes

41
Q

As a protein leaves the golgi and has no sequence with a PO - where does it go?

A

No where - cytoplasm

Biology (18 decks)

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