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Biology > 9 - Cellular Respiration > Flashcards

9 - Cellular Respiration Flashcards

1
Q

How long does ATP last in your body

A

30 sec

unstable, and not stored

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2
Q

Cellular respiration happens in 4 steps, list them

A
  1. Glycolysis
  2. Pyruvate processing
  3. Citric acid cycle
  4. Electron Transport & chemiosmosis
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3
Q

Where does glycolysis occur

A

in the cytosol

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4
Q

Why do we breathe

A

to metabolize glucose into CO2 + H2O + ATP

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5
Q

There are two main ways that ATP can be cashed in on, what are they

A
  1. Cellular respiration
  2. Fermentation
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6
Q

How many steps are there in glycolysis

A

10 steps

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7
Q

For each molecule of glucose that goes into glycolysis, what is the net result

A
  • 2 molecules of ATP
  • 2 molecules of NADH
  • 2 molecules pyruvate
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8
Q

What happens when the are high levels of ATP in the system

A

ATP acts as an allosteric inhibition

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9
Q

What is feedback intuition

A

what a product impeds the process when its abundant

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10
Q

Where does the ATP bind when it is in abundance

A

onto the regulatory site

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11
Q

how many phosphate groups does the glycolysis process need to get over the energy barrier to start the reaction

A

2 ATP

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12
Q

Where is pyruvate processed

A

in the mitochondrial matrix

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13
Q

What does pyruvate react with as a coenzyme

A

Coenzyme A

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14
Q

What are the inputs for pyruvate processing

A

pyruvate

NAD+

Coenzyme A

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15
Q

What are the outputs for pyruvate processing

A

NADH

CO2

Acetyl CoA

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16
Q

When NAD+ are changed to NADH, what is occuring here

A

2 electrons are being given up

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17
Q

True/False

there are both positive and negative feedback controls for pyruvate processing

A

True

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18
Q

What is the purpose of the citric acid cycle

A

to extract electrons in CH3 bonds for acetyle CoA = has high PE

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19
Q

the citric acid cycle begins with ______ and ends with _________

A

citrate; oxaloatetate

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20
Q

Because glycosis produces ___ molecules of pyruvate, the citric acid cycle turns ___ times for each molecule processed in cellular respiration

A

2; 2

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21
Q

in the citric acid cycle, for each molecule of glucose, what are the outputs

A

6 CO2

10 NADH

2 FADH2

4 ATP

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22
Q

Is ubiquinoue a protein

A

no

it`s known as coenzyeme Q

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23
Q

what is a distigushing factor about coenzyme Q

A

consists of a carbon-containing ring witha hydrophobic tail

= moves easily through the membrane

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24
Q

How does a hibernating bear survive 7 months without eating and drinking. Don`t forget that the bear is exhaling H2O

A

through oxidative phosphoraliation - H2O is made

25
Q

What is chemosmsis

A

the production of ATP via the proton gradient

the inner mitochondria mb acts as a dam and ATP synthase acts as a turbine with the BIG energy payoff

26
Q

How many ATP molecules are made via chemiosmsis

A

25

27
Q

What does aerobic mean

A

respiration that depends on O2

acts as electron acceptor

28
Q

Which is in it`s oxiadized form NAD or NADH+

A

oxidized NAD

Reduced NADH+

29
Q

What are the inputs and outputs in glucolysis

Net

A
  • Inputs: 2 ATP, 2 NAD+, 4 ADP
  • Outputs: 2ADP, 2 NADH, 4 ATP, 2 pyruvate
  • Net: 2 NADH, 2 ATP, 2 pyruvate
30
Q

Think of the electron carrier as a shuttle bus, it can take 2 passengers, when it is full it is ________, when it is empty it is _______.

A

reduced; oxidized

31
Q

A molecule that gains an electron is said to be

A

reduced

32
Q

Cellular respiration occurs in 4 main stages, list them

A
  1. gylcolysis
  2. pyruvate processing
  3. cyclic acid cycle
  4. Electron transport chain
33
Q

gylcolysis`s purpose is to break down glucose by _________

A

oxidation

34
Q

the first 5 steps of glycolysis requires what

A

E`y and use of 2 ATP

35
Q

_______________ occus whan an enzyme catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group from a phosphorylated substrate to ADP, forming ATP

A

substrate-level phosphorylation

36
Q

which step in gylcyosis is feedback inhibition regulated

A

step 3

37
Q

in the citric acid cycle how many times does it go around for every glucose molecule split

A

2 times

b/c 2 pyruvate in

38
Q

Glycolysis

Select one:
A. Has no connection with the respiratory transport chain
B. Reduces 2 NAD+ per glucose
C. Is the reverse of fermentation
D. Produces 1 ATP per glucose
E. Takes place in the mitochondrion

A

B

39
Q

The majority of the ATP produced during aerobic respiration is made by

Select one:
A. the electrons carried by NADH
B. the movement of hydrogen ions through an ATP synthase enzyme
C. substrate-level phosphorylation
D. autophosphorylation

A

B

40
Q

During a redox reaction the molecule that gains an electron has been

Select one:
A. Reduced and now has a higher energy level
B. Oxidized and now has a lower energy level
C. Oxidized and now has a higher energy level
D. Reduced and now has a lower energy level

A

A

41
Q

Which statement about pyruvate is NOT true?

Select one:
A. It becomes reduced during fermentation
B. It is a protein
C. It contains three carbon atoms
D. It is the end product of glycolysis
E. It is a precursor of acetyl CoA

A

B

42
Q

Fermentation

Select one:
A. Requires lactic acid
B. takes place in all animal cells
C. takes place in the mitochondrion
D. does not require O2
E. Prevents glycolysis

A

D

43
Q

The respiratory transport chain

Select one:
A. Is located in the mitochondrial matrix
B. Includes only peripheral membrane proteins
C. Reoxidizes reduced coenzymes
D. Operates simultaneously with fermentation

A

C

44
Q

Compared with fermentation, the aerobic pathways of glucose metabolism produce

Select one:
A. More ATP
B. More oxidized coenzymes
C. Fewer protons for pumping in the mitochondria
D. Lactic acid
E. Less CO2

A

A

45
Q

The citric acid cycle

Select one:
A. Takes place in the mitochondrion
B. Produces 3 ATP
C. Reduces 2 NAD+ for every glucose processed
D. Is an extension of fermentation

A

A

46
Q

In the process of lactic acid fermenation, what are the inputs, & outputs

A
  • Inputs: 2 pyruvate, 2 NADH
  • Outputs: 2 lactate, 2 NAD+
47
Q

An alchohol fermentation what are the inputs and outputs?

A
  • Inputs: Pyruvate is enzematically changed to acetyladehyde, 2 NADH
  • Outputs: 2 CO2, 2 Ethanol, 2 NAD+
48
Q

fat off a camels back used to produce water and other needs of the body, what is this process called?

A

oxidative phosphoralization

49
Q

What is cytochrome C?

A

in chemiosmosis, it acts as a shuttle that transfers electrons b/t complexes

50
Q

What process of cellular respiration makes water?

where

A

Complex 4 in the mitochondrial matrix

51
Q

Where in the mitochondria does the buildup of H+ occur?

A

Intermembrane space

52
Q

Why is oxygen the most effective of all electron acceptors?

A

because of its high electronegativity

53
Q

Why do cells in anarobic respiration make less ATP than does an aerobic respiration system?

A

cells that do not use O2 cannot generate such a large potential energy difference, so cannot make as much ATP

54
Q

Formation of ATP through the compination of proton pumping by electron transport chains and the action of ATP synthase is called _____________________

A

oxidative phosphorylation

55
Q

____________ is a metabloic pathway that regenerates NAD+ from stockpiles of NADH and allows glycolysis to continue producting ATP in the absence of the the electron acceptor required by the ETC

A

fermentation

56
Q

For each molecule of glucose metabolized, how many molecules of ATP are made by fermenation?

A

2 ATP

versus the approximate 30 made by cellulare respiration

57
Q

In cells _________ are routinely broken down by enzymes to form glycerol and acetyl CoA. Glycerol enters the glycolytic pathway once it has been _____________ and _____________ to form glyceratldehyde-3-phospate- one of the intermediates in the 10-reaction sequence. Acetyl CoA enters the Krebs cycle

A

fats

oxidized and phosphorylated

58
Q
A

Biology (18 decks)

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