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Pharmacology 218 > Pharmacology Exam 3 > Flashcards

Pharmacology Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the most common degenerative diseases of the CNS

A

Parkinson’s disease
Multiple sclerosis
Alzheimer’s disease

**There are no cures and medications are only used to control the symptoms

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2
Q

What are the symptoms of Parkinson’s disease?

A 
Bradykinesia
Rigidity
Tremors
Postural instability
Affective flattening
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3
Q

The neurochemical basis for Parkinson’s

A 
Neurons that produce dopamine die causing an inability to walk as well as many other movement disorders..
Bradykinesia
Rigidity
Tremors
Postural instability
Affective flattening

Acetylcholine??

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4
Q

Nurse’s role in AD and Parkinson’s

A

??

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5
Q

Symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease

A

Memory loss
Confusion
Inability to think or communicate effectively
Brain shrinkage

**symptoms progress from confusion to memory loss to dimentia

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6
Q

Amyloid plaques

A

hardened areas that show up as a result of AD

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7
Q

Neurofibrillary tangles

A

nuerons curl and tangle due to AD

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8
Q

Signs and symptoms of multiple sclerosis

A 
Symptoms depend on the location of the damaged neuron:
Fatigue
Heat sensitivity
Neuropathic pain
Impaired cognitive ability
Highest among women in colder climates
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9
Q

Involuntary contraction of a muscle or group of muscles, which become tightened, develop a fixed pattern of resistance, and result in a diminished level of functioning

A

Muscle spasm

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10
Q

Inability of opposing muscle groups to move in a coordinated manner

A

Spasticity

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11
Q

Chemically secreted by endocrine glands that acts as a chemical messenger that circulate through the body to affect homeostasis
Disorders are usually due to too little or too much
They may affect thousands of cells and balance is kept within a normal range
Examples include insulin and thyroid

A

Hormone

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12
Q

A disorder marked by excessive urination due to lack of secretion of antidiuretic hormone

A

Diabetes Insipidus

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13
Q

Also known as myxedema, when you are not getting enough of the hormone and everything slows down
Fairly common
Symptoms are general weakness, muscle cramps, dry skin

A

Hypothyroidism

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14
Q

When you are receiving too much of the thyroid hormone
Symptoms include increased body metabolism or appetite, tachycardia, weight loss, elevated body temperature and blood pressure, nervousness and anxiety
The most common type is known as Graves’ disease

A

Hyperthyroidism

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15
Q

A syndrome caused by hypersecretion of the thyroid hormone

A

Graves’ disease

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16
Q

An enlarged thyroid gland that can occur with either hyper or hypo thyroid states

A

Goiter

17
Q

Indications for glucocorticoid medications

A 
Adrenal insufficiency
Allergies – suppress allergic response
Asthma
Inflammatory bowel disease (ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease)
Edema – swelling, part of inflammatory response as well
Cancer 
Transplant rejection 
Rheumatic disorders
Shock
Skin disorders
18
Q

Signs and symptoms of Cushing’s disease (excessive amounts of glucocorticoids)

A

obesity
“moon” face – face gets round, some has to do with edema because your sodium goes up and body holds onto fluid
“buffalo hump” – hump on their back, can see a change has to do with spine
muscle weakness
reduced healing
hyperglycemia

19
Q

Signs and symptoms of Addison’s disease (deficiency of adrenal cortex hormones caused by autoimmune conditions and infections)

A 
bronze pigmentation of skin
changes in distribution of body hair
GI disturbances
weakness
hypoglycemia
postural hypotension
weight loss
20
Q

What is the role of insulin and glucagon

A

To keep blood glucose levels within narrow limits
insulin- decreases levels
glucagon- increases levels

21
Q

Characteristics of type 1 diabetes mellitus

A

5% to 10 % of all DM cases
autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells
chronic disease
often occurs early in life
people who’s pancreas made no insulin so they have to be provided with insulin

22
Q

Signs and symptoms of type 1 diabetes mellitus

A

Hyperglycemia
Polyuria
Polyphagia
Polydipsia

23
Q

Increased blood glucose level

fasting blood glucose greater than 126 mg/dL on 2 separate occasions

A

Hyperglycemia

24
Q

Polyuria

A

excessive urination

25
Q

Polydipsia

A

thirsty

26
Q

Polyphagia

A

hungry

27
Q

More common, appears in middle aged adults
Represents 90-95% of people with diabetes
insulin resistant

A

Type 2 diabetes mellitus

28
Q

Nursing interventions for hypoglycemia

A

Assess for blood glucose levels below 60-70 mg/dL and blood cell count
Conscious patient: you can get them something to eat or drink such as candy, fruit juice, coke, orange juice, crackers, glucose product
Unconscious patient: do not give anything orally because of the risk for aspiration or interfering with their breathing

29
Q

Signs of hypoglycemia

A 
nausea
paleness
sweating
diaphoretic
tremors
decreased level of consciousness
30
Q

Hormone secreted by the pancreas that increases blood glucose levels which is the opposite of insulin

A

Glucagon

31
Q

The role of estrogen and progestines

A

To prevent conception
Most OCs are combinations of estrogen and progestin
A few are progestin only
Nearly 100% effective if taken correctly
BC (estrogen) and smoking is not a good combination
Causes stroke or heart attack

32
Q

The most common form of estrogen

A

ethinyl estradiol

33
Q

The most common form of progestine

A

norethindrone

34
Q

Indications for pharmacotherapy with androgens

A

Therapeutically used to treat hypergonadism and certain cancers

35
Q

Identify the risks that come with Anabolic Steroids

A

Liver damage
Increase cholesterol levels
Increase risk for heart attacks and stroke
When used by women, irregularities, male characteristics

36
Q

Erectile dysfunction

A 
Impotence, when you cannot get or maintain an erection 
Incidences increase with:
age
hypertension
diabetes
smoking
depression
medications:SSRIs
37
Q

The most common benign neoplasm in men

Enlargement of the prostate gland decreases the outflow of urine

Surgery is needed in advanced cases

A

Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy (BPH)

Pharmacology 218 (13 decks)

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