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nbde biochem > 280-289 > Flashcards

280-289 Flashcards

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1
Q

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8GMFhnRnNGMDZ0Ym8

A

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8GZFpmSVNZV0hRSzA

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2
Q

Glucose metab.

Determines the fate of glucose.

■ —- production per molecule of glucose. The table below assumes that

the — produced in glycolysis is carried into mitochondria via the

—–shuttle. If the glycerol-3-phosphate (G3P) shuttle is used,

the net ATP production would be 36.

A

Determines the fate of glucose.

■ ATP production per molecule of glucose. The table below assumes that

the NADH produced in glycolysis is carried into mitochondria via the

malate–aspartate shuttle. If the glycerol-3-phosphate (G3P) shuttle is used,

the net ATP production would be 36.

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3
Q

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8GMmNfTVJqZlZBVWM

A

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8GbUNUWGh4bnJMY2s

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4
Q

glycolysis

A

Also called the Embden–Meyerhof Pathway. (See Figures 7–3.)

■ Occurs in the cytosol, in the absence of O2.

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5
Q

glycolysis

A

Converts glucose (as glucose-6-phosphate) → two molecules of pyruvate.

■

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6
Q

RLS of glycolysis

A

Conversion of fructose-6-phosphate → fructose-1, 6-biphosphate via phosphofructokinase

(PFK) is the rate-limiting step.

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7
Q

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8GRnBNRG5VN3d3ZjQ

A

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8GOWNtOUdrMS1CR28

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8
Q

Glucose +x Pi + y ADP + z NAD+ → 2 Pyruvate +x ATP + y NADH + z H+ + 2 H2O

A

Glucose + 2 Pi + 2 ADP + 2 NAD+ → 2 Pyruvate + 2 ATP + 2 NADH + 2 H+ + 2 H2O

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9
Q

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8GbC1Fdy1sNVo3MG8

A

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8GV2d5SVE0a3dLcHM

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10
Q

■ ATP-requiring reactions:■

A

Hexokinase/Glucokinase: glucose → glucose-6-phosphate

■ PFK: fructose-6-phosphate → fructose-1,6-bisphosphate

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11
Q

ATP-producing reactions:■

A

Phosphoglycerate kinase: 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate → 3-phosphoglycerate

Pyruvate kinase: phosphoenolpyruvate → pyruvate

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12
Q

PYRUVATE DEHYDROGENASE

■ Pyruvate + NAD+ →

A

Acetyl-CoA + CO2 + NADH

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13
Q

5 cofactors

A

Pyrophosphate (B1, thiamine)

■ FAD (B2, riboflavin)

■ NAD (B3, niacin)

■ CoA (B5, pantothenate)

■ Lipoic acid

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14
Q

Also called the Cori cycle (See Figure 7–4.)

■ Occurs in the liver

A

lactic acid cycle

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15
Q

LA cycle

A

Prevents lactic acidosis

■ Converts lactate → glucose, which is then reoxidized via glycolysis

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16
Q

LA cycle

A

Provides quick ATP production during anaerobic glycolysis in muscle and

erythrocytes

■ Results in net loss of 4 ATP per cycle

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17
Q

Citric Acid cycle

A
  • Krebs cycle and the tricarboxylic acid cycle.
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18
Q

Citric acid cycle

A

Occurs in the mitochondrial matrix.

■ Completes the metabolism of glucose.

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19
Q

Citric acid cycle

A

Oxidizes acetyl-CoA.

Reduces NAD+ and FAD → NADH and FADH2, which are reoxidized in

the ETC to produce ATP.

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20
Q

citric acid cycle

A

Tightly regulated by both ATP and NAD+.

■ Stoichiometry of TCA cycle:

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21
Q

Acetyl-CoA + 3 NAD+ + FAD + Pi + GDP + 2 H2O →

A

2 CO2 + 3 NADH + FADH2 + GTP + 2 H+ + CoA

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22
Q

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8GU1BjREx1R0tDc1k

A

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8GUHVxSVNzczBVU0E

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23
Q

ETC

A

Also called the respiratory chain (See Figure 7–5.)

■ Occurs in the inner mitochondrial membrane.

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24
Q

ETC

A

Produces ATP via oxidative phosphorylation of ADP.

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25
ETC
Reoxidizes NADH and FADH2 back → NAD+ and FAD as electrons flow through a series of ----- cytochrome complexes of increasing ---- potential (along a ----- gradient).
26
Cytochromes contain a
Cytochromes contain a central iron atom (similar to hemoglobin), which can exist in an oxidized ferric (Fe3+) state or a reduced ferrous (Fe2+) state.
27
Cytochromes receive electrons from
the reduced form of coenzyme Q (ubiquinone).■
28
Cytochromes carry electrons as?
Cytochromes carry electrons as flavins, iron-sulfur groups, hemes, and copper ions
29
https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8GMVVfa19xeUgzM3M
https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8GWXlLVnpOOHBPcU0
30
https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8GQTR0VEowWmNLMTg
https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8GNWdVZjBKTlRGNTQ
31
THE PENTOSE PHOSPHATE PATHWAY
Also called the hexose monophosphate shunt.
32
Glucose-6-phosphate + 2 NADP+ + H2O →
Glucose-6-phosphate + 2 NADP+ + H2O → Ribose-5-phosphate + 2 NADPH + 2 H+ + CO2 THE PENTOSE PHOSPHATE PATHWAY
33
THE PENTOSE PHOSPHATE PATHWAY
Occurs in the cytosol. ■ An alternative to glycolysis in the metabolism of glucose.
34
THE PENTOSE PHOSPHATE PATHWAY
Coverts glucose-6-phosphate → ribose-5-phosphate
35
RLS of Pentose phos pathway
Conversion of glucose-6-phosphate → 6-phosphogluconolactone via glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) is the rate-limiting step.
36
THE PENTOSE PHOSPHATE PATHWAY
Produces ribose (for nucleotide synthesis) and NADPH (for fatty acid and steroid synthesis).
37
pentose phos pathway
Not all cells use the PPP (most active in liver, adipose tissue, adrenal cortex, thyroid, mammary gland, testis, and erythrocytes).
38
Pyruvate + 2 ATP + GTP + NADH + 2 H2O→ GLUCONEOGENESIS
Pyruvate + 2 ATP + GTP + NADH + 2 H2O→ Glucose-6-phosphate + 2 ADP + GDP + 3 Pi + NAD+ + H+ GLUCONEOGENESIS
39
gluceoneogenesis
Occurs mostly in the liver and kidneys ■ Not a direct reversal of the glycolysis
40
gluconeogenesis
Converts amino acids → glucose or glycogen in states of carbohydrate need
41
gluconeugenesis
Clears lactic acid (from anaerobic glycolysis) and glycerol (from fatty acid metabolism) ■ Under strict hormonal regulation
42
https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8GdTVHTVZ1TENjMFE
https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8GdklTME1aV0EyaXc
43
Glycogen synthase:
Glycogen synthase: Key regulatory enzyme in its synthesis. Uses UDPglucose and the nonreducing end of glycogen as its substrate.
44
Glycogenin:
Primer for glycogen synthase by catalyzing the addition of glucose to itself
45
Glycogen phosphorylase:
Key regulatory enzyme in its catabolism. ■ Under strict hormonal regulation.
46
Occurs in the cytosol of mostly hepatocytes.
FATTY ACID SYNTHESIS
47
rls of FA synthesis
The irreversible conversion of acetyl-CoA → malonyl-CoA via acetyl-CoA carboxylase is the rate-limiting step.
48
FA synthesis
Conversion of acetyl-CoA → malonyl-CoA is the rate-limiting step.
49
■ Citrate–malate shuttle transports acetyl groups from mitochondria to the cytoso
FA synthesis
50
https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8GaW42ZFRtbFpyWVk
https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8Gd0lpaGpHMVA3SVE
51
TRIGLYCERIDE LIPOLYSIS
Occurs in adipocytes. ■ The glycerol is phosphorylated and ultimately oxidized in glycolysis
52
TRIGLYCERIDE LIPOLYSIS
The free fatty acids are transported to the liver for b-oxidation. ■ Triacyglycerol lipase is under strict hormone regulation.
53
https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8GN25ETHF5S2ZGejQ
https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8GUWZvMGJQUkFhOU0
54
beta oxidation
Occurs in the mitochondrial matrix of hepatocytes. ■ Converts acyl-CoA → acetyl-CoA.
55
Fatty acids are carried into the mitochondrial matrix by a x -mediated enzyme system
Fatty acids are carried into the mitochondrial matrix by a carnitine-mediated enzyme system
56
https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8GRWdYNDduREVDWGc
https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8GUDZfUUZlRzgtWms
57
Under certain metabolic states (starvation, diabetes mellitus), much of the acetyl-CoA is converted to-----
Under certain metabolic states (starvation, diabetes mellitus), much of the acetyl-CoA is converted to ketone bodies:
58
Acetoacetate: synthesized by cleavage of
Acetoacetate: synthesized by cleavage of HMG-CoA ■ b-Hydroxybutyrate ■ Acetone
59
Ketone bodies are a source of fuel in----- tissues such as x and y muscle
Ketone bodies are a source of fuel in extrahepatic tissues such as skeletal and cardiac muscle
60
Ketosis is the accumulation of ketone bodies leading to
Ketosis is the accumulation of ketone bodies leading to ketoacidosis and diabetic coma
61
https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8GRzVZX19ISjFjRzA
https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8GZnBpWHN1bHFsQlE
62
Both dietary and structural proteins are degraded daily to their amino acid constituents by various x and y
Both dietary and structural proteins are degraded daily to their amino acid constituents by various proteases and peptidases.
63
https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8GU1BiajhXY3F2Y3c
https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8GeXQ2bVdCUEVMdnc
64
Amino acids are used to synthesize other
Amino acids are used to synthesize other amino acids (and proteins) or metabolic intermediates (pyruvate, acetyl-CoA, oxaloacetate, succinyl CoA, and a-ketoacids).
65
Aminotransferases (transaminases) cleave the ----- nitrogen of most amino acids, leaving ---- skeletons, which are degraded to the various ----- and ------ intermediates.
Aminotransferases (transaminases) cleave the a-amino nitrogen of most amino acids, leaving hydrocarbon skeletons, which are degraded to the various glucogenic and ketogenic intermediates.
66
Requires either ---- phosphate or ------ phosphate, forms of pyridoxine (vitamin B6), as a coenzyme
Requires either pyridoxal phosphate or pyridoxamine phosphate, forms of pyridoxine (vitamin B6), as a coenzyme TRANSAMINATION
67
The transamination of pyruvate to alanine yields either
a-ketoglutarate or oxaloacetate
68
https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8GVDlyaXFWUGwzR3M
https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8GS1pCWkFCY2lpUzA
69
https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8GbWVJQ0EzU1IzZk0
https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8Gem16OGlzUGtMbTQ
70
https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8GUU9jOFFsYjE4aDA
https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8GR3lfYjBDZ1k0c2s
71
ox deam.
An alternative to transamination in the metabolism of amino acids. ■ Results in the formation of α-ketoacids (for energy) and ammonia (for urea formation).
72
ox. deam.
Oxidative deamination of glutamate
73
L-Glutamate + NAD(P)+ + H2O--\>
α-Ketoglutarate + NAD(P)H + NH4 + + H+
74
ox deam.
The reaction is reversible but favors the formation of glutamate.
75
ox deam.
Occurs mostly in the liver and kidneys. ■ In humans, the vast majority of oxidative deamination derives from glutamate; the major enzyme responsible is glutamate dehydrogenase.
76
Other amino acids that can undergo oxidative deamination are
asparagine, histidine, serine, and threonine (Table 7–3).
77
https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8GcUR2TlVoeWtINEE
https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8GbGEwSXoweGFWX0E
78
https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8GbVpUUl8teUgzZnc
https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8GNFd1TTVXWk5NZ28
79
urea cycle
Occurs in the cytosol and mitochondrial matrix of hepatocytes. ■ Eliminates the ammonia (NH4 +) produced by oxidative deamination in the form of urea (Figure 7–11).
80
CO2 + NH4 + + 3 ATP + Aspartate + 2 H2O →
Urea + 2 ADP + 2 Pi + AMP + PPi + Fumarate
81
The excess nitrogen is converted to urea ■
and excreted by the kidneys. UREA CYCle
82
Complete block of the cycle leads to extensive xy
Complete block of the cycle leads to extensive ammonia accumulation
83
liver cirrhosis (eg, from alcoholism) results in x carbamoyl phosphate synthase.
liver cirrhosis (eg, from alcoholism) results in ↓ carbamoyl phosphate synthase. It is fatal since there is no alternative pathway.
84
An alternative method of glycolysis to the Embden-Meyerhof or pentose phosphate pathways.
ENTNER –DOUDOROFF PATHWAY
85
ENTNER –DOUDOROFF PATHWAY
Used most commonly by aerobic bacteria. ■ Converts glucose → pyruvate + glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
86
ENTNER –DOUDOROFF PATHWAY
Produces 1 ATP per glucose via substrate-level phosphorylation
87

nbde biochem (14 decks)

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