pg 350-359

Question 1

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8GNFBXUmstbG9uODQ

Answer 1

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8GMHRtbno5dWpacUE

Question 2

Greatest total area.

■ Large surface area.

■ Slowest velocity of an individual blood cell.

Answer 2

CAPILLARIES

Question 3

Allows time for oxygen, nutrient exchange/diffusion

Answer 3

capp

Question 4

Account for:

■ Largest drop in BP (~50% drop from arteries to arterioles).

■ Highest proportion of peripheral vascular resistance.

Answer 4

arterioles

Question 5

Pressure decreases as blood moves through systemic circulation.

■ This pressure gradient is required for blood flow.

Answer 5

arterioles

Question 6

blood vol

Answer 6

Most is held within the systemic venous circulation:

Question 7

>60% in systemic veins.

■ >10% in systemic arteries.

■ <10% in arterioles and capillaries.

Answer 7

blood cvol

Question 8

9% in pulmonary vessels.

■ 7% in heart.

Answer 8

blood vol

Question 9

Ability to hold blood volume.

■ Act as a reservoir

Answer 9

capitance

Question 10

Veins.

Answer 10

■ Capacitance vessels.

■ Dilate to accommodate blood volume.

■ Hold 50–60% of blood volume

Question 11

In hypovolemia, veins/venules xxx

Answer 11

In hypovolemia, veins/venules constrict

Question 12

Sympathetic mediated.

■ Compensatory.

Answer 12

In hypovolemia, veins/venules constrict

Question 13

No clinical manifestations with 15–20% blood loss.

■ Helps maintain mean systemic filling pressure in the face of blood loss.

■ Preload is maintained with venous constriction

Answer 13

hypovolemia

Question 14

Arterial constriction system has much xxx effect on mean systemic filling

pressure.

■ Arterial system contains relatively yyy amount of blood.

■ Arterial constriction zzz afterload.

Answer 14

Arterial constriction system has much less effect on mean systemic filling

pressure.

■ Arterial system contains relatively small amount of blood.

■ Arterial constriction increases afterload.

Question 15

Capillaries do not constrict because they lack xx in their walls.

Answer 15

Capillaries do not constrict because they lack smooth muscle in their walls.

Question 16

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8GZENTTFBoRmE1Rm8

Answer 16

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8GR1BLRU96WTd4S28

Question 17

tPr

Answer 17

TPR (peripheral vascular resistance).

■ Vascular resistance of the systemic circulation.

■ Mean arterial pressure minus central venous pressure divided by the cardiac

output (MAP – CVP)/CO.

Question 18

Tpr

Answer 18

Increases with sympathetic activation; arteriolar constriction.

Question 19

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8GRlFfbmZjakJKRlU

Answer 19

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8GS0pBY1FvTXo5Uzg

Question 20

Blood flow from systemic circulation into venous

circulation.

Answer 20

TPR

Question 21

Blood flow from veins back into arterial system.

Answer 21

CO

Question 22

Amount of blood in systemic veins.

Answer 22

compliance

Question 23

BP = xxxx

■ Systolic pressure/diastolic pressure yy

Answer 23

BP = CO °ø TPR.

■ Systolic pressure/diastolic pressure (120/80).

Question 24

Pulse pressure = SBP – DBP.

Answer 24

■ Normal is (120 – 80) = 40.

■ Increases with age because of stiffened arteries (atherosclerosis, arteriosclerosis)

Question 25

Mean arterial pressure (MAP) =

Answer 25

Mean arterial pressure (MAP) = ~DBP + pulse pressure/3. ■ MAP = CO °ø TPR.

Question 26

Vascular compliance – increase in xxxx in pressure. ■ yyy throughout the course of the cycle

Answer 26

Vascular compliance – increase in volume/increase in pressure. ■ Average pressure throughout the course of the cycle

Question 27

MAP is slightly less than halfway between y and z because diastole is xxxx than systole

Answer 27

MAP is slightly less than halfway between SBP and DBP because diastole is longer than systole

Question 28

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8GTlBWTFJrSHlqLWM

Answer 28

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8GcFBCOXA5QzhpT28

Question 29

CO

Answer 29

Cardiac Output ■ Cardiac output (CO) = amount of blood pumped per minute. ■ CO = HR °ø SV.

Question 30

Stroke volume (SV).■

Answer 30

Amount of blood ejected with each beat. ■ SV = ~EDV – ESV. ■ Average SV is 70–80 mL.

Question 31

HR

Answer 31

HR ■ Bradycardia = \<60 bpm. ■ Tachycardia = \>100 bpm

Question 32

Average resting CO is xxx for men (10–20% less for women).

Answer 32

Average resting CO is ~5.6 L/min for men (10–20% less for women).

Question 33

CO

Answer 33

Varies depending on body activity, age, body size, and condition of heart.

Question 34

CO = O2 xxx/([O2] yyy – [O2] pulmonary artery).

Answer 34

CO = O2 consumption/([O2] pulmonary vein – [O2] pulmonary artery).

Question 35

ejection fraction

Answer 35

Proportion of end diastolic blood pumped out during diastole. ■ EF = EDV - ESV/EDV (or SV/EDV).

Question 36

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8GRG5DVVNLRndHWXM

Answer 36

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8GS18za2RPWkxlb00

Question 37

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8GYmJsMmNESVFaUUE

Answer 37

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8GMTRHZkNyY21Zdkk

Question 38

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8GVi03MDZkSEl6cVE

Answer 38

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8GVi03MDZkSEl6cVE

Question 39

Heart Rate and Contractility

Answer 39

■ Increase with sympathetic activation and certain drugs. ■ However, remember that sympathetic activation also ↑TPR. ■ Remember, CO = HR °ø SV.

Question 40

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8GZXlIUUpIVVk4akU

Answer 40

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8GMnFoZ1lyUXpLNTg

Question 41

LaPlace’s Law =

Answer 41

Wall stress = Pr/t ■ P = pressure → afterload. ■ r = radius → preload. ■ t = thickness.

Question 42

Filling of the ventricles (EDV)

Answer 42

preload

Question 43

VR radius of ventricle

Answer 43

preload

Question 44

TPR BP Aortic outflow tract (eg, narrowed in aortic stenosis—fixed increase in afterload

Answer 44

after load determinant

Question 45

■ Contraction pushes blood in veins back to heart. ■ Rhythmic contraction of leg muscles + presence of valves increase/ allow venous return. ■ Counteracts force of gravity (that tends to pool blood in feet).

Answer 45

Skeletal muscle contraction

Question 46

Compliance

Answer 46

■ Intrathoracic pressure ■ ↑ intrathoracic pressure: ↑ venous compliance : ↓ venous return. ■ ↓ intrathoracic pressure : ↓ venous compliance : ↑ venous return.

Question 47

Sympathetic nervous system

Answer 47

■ ↑ sympathetic tone: ↓ venous compliance (some constriction): ↑ venous return.

Question 48

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8GSnZUZWhYXzFrNE0

Answer 48

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8GTFVmZDRfTjlON2s

Question 49

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8GT09aR2t1X0FMeUU

Answer 49

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8GUFFta3Z2a2NZclk

Question 50

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8GT0FRSW9lTDE3WFk

Answer 50

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8GUmVYSGpaOG5Lb3c

Question 51

diastolic

Answer 51

Aortic insufficiency Mitral stenosis

Question 52

Mitral regurgitation Aortic stenosis

Answer 52

systole

Question 53

Automaticity ■ The spontaneous phase xxxx that generates Aps. ■ These electrical signals conduct to yyyy tissue, causing it to contract. ■ a node → b node → c bundles (His/Purkinje) → ventricular myocytes → d

Answer 53

Automaticity ■ The spontaneous phase 4 depolarization that generates Aps. ■ These electrical signals conduct to atrial tissue, causing it to contract. ■ SA node → AV node → ventricular bundles (His/Purkinje) → ventricular myocytes → ventricular contraction.

Question 54

Refractory period ■xxxx of heart allows relaxation (diastolic filling) and prevents the heart from going into reentry (arrhythmia). ■ Takes yyy seconds for AP to spread through the heart. ■ Ventricular muscle’s refractory period is zzzz second. ■ Atrial muscle’s refractory period is aaaa second

Answer 54

Refractory period ■ Long refractory period of heart allows relaxation (diastolic filling) and prevents the heart from going into reentry (arrhythmia). ■ Takes 0.22 seconds for AP to spread through the heart. ■ Ventricular muscle’s refractory period is 0.25–0.30 second. ■ Atrial muscle’s refractory period is 0.15 second

Question 55

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8GZXlIUUpIVVk4akU

Answer 55

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8GMEx6aUxUbnRsdGs

Question 56

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8GdG1SQ3VEdFdxVlU

Answer 56

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8GU21zanZsV1huWlU

Question 57

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8GLXlOdFBBUFMyWlE

Answer 57

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8GOEFVcFZxNnhLTFE

Question 58

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8GS0dfQmdob3ExZDg

Answer 58

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8GRk9yR3AwblhmRnc