282 Topic 2

Question 1

Learning

Answer 1

-An enduring or durable (long term) change in behavior or mental processes due to experience
-Relatively permanent
-Causes a physical change in behavior
-Occurs due to interactions with the environment

Question 2

Innate

Answer 2

-Something inborn/naturally occurring

Question 3

Reflex

Answer 3

-Stimulus response relationship which is either learned or innate and indicates that behavior that happens automatically
-Reflex arc = unlearned (innate)

Question 4

Elicited behavior

Answer 4

-Occurs in response to environmental stimuli
-Reflex arcs
-Modal Action patterns
-Behavioral sequences
-Can contribute to survival and well being

Question 5

Modal Action Patterns (MAP)/ Fixed action patterns

Answer 5

-Species-typical response patterns or “instincts” that are genetically programmed
-Rather than single actions, a sequence of behaviors
-Often associated with fitness-related tasks/events
eg) goose and egg rolling

Question 6

Eliciting stimuli

Answer 6

-Which stimulus initiates the modal action pattern

Question 7

Sign stimulus/ Releasing stimulus

Answer 7

Features necessary to elicit response

Question 8

Supernormal stimulus

Answer 8

Exaggerated sign stimulus that elicits more vigorous response

Question 9

Event-alone learning

Answer 9

Habituation and sensitization

Question 10

Event-event learning

Answer 10

-Classical (Pavlovian) conditioning
-2 events/2 stimuli

Question 11

Behavior-event learning

Answer 11

Instrumental (operant) conditioning

Question 12

Social learning

Answer 12

-Observational learning
-watching how someone reacts to something can give you a guideline of how you should react

Question 13

Habituation

Answer 13

-Process by which we respond less strongly over time to repeated stimuli
-highly specific to the stimuli to the stimulus producing it
-Not habituation: Sensory adaption and fatigue

Question 14

Sensory adaption

Answer 14

Reduction in sensitivity of the sense organs causes by repeated stimuli

Question 15

Fatigue

Answer 15

Decrease in behavior due to repeated or excess use of muscles

Question 16

Sensitization

Answer 16

-Increase in the strength of a response to a repeated stimulus
-Can result from repeated presentations of a stimulus or by arousal from extraneous stimuli
-Eg) Being tense will cause you to have a bigger reaction to something

Question 17

Visual attention in infants

Answer 17

Infants fixated longer on complex stimuli rather than simple stimuli across trials

Question 18

Adaptive value for habituation

Answer 18

-Reduced responding to things constant in your environment
-Attention drawn to new things (new things would be a threat)
-We habituate when we are safe to conserve energy

Question 19

Adaptive value in sensitization

Answer 19

-Increased responsiveness to things in distracting environment
-Ready for danger
-uses more energy

Question 20

Classical conditioning/Respondent conditioning/Pavlovian conditioning

Answer 20

-Form of learning in which a neutral stimulus comes to signal with the occurrence of a second stimulus
-Behaviors are elicited (brought about by) antecedent stimuli
-Conditioning process involves manipulation of antecedent stimuli

Question 21

Stimulus

Answer 21

-Anything in the environment that we can detect, is measurable and can evoke a response to behavior
-Elicits behavior

Question 22

Association

Answer 22

Relationship between two stimuli

Question 23

Acquisition

Answer 23

Time while an association is being learned

Question 24

Unconditioned stimulus (US)

Answer 24

-Biologically significant stimulus that already has a response associated with it
-Innate, something that we do not have to learn
-

Question 25

Unconditioned response (UR)

Answer 25

-Response naturally associated with the unconditioned stimulus -UR occurs due to the US

Question 26

Neutral stimulus (NS)

Answer 26

-A stimulus that does not naturally elicit a response -Neutral Stimulus (NS) pairs with unconditioned stimulus (US) and the NS becomes the Conditioned stimulus (CS)

Question 27

Conditioned stimulus (CS)

Answer 27

-Previously neutral stimulus (NS) that comes to elicit a conditioned response (CR)

Question 28

Conditioned response (CR)

Answer 28

Learned response to an environmental stimulus (CS)

Question 29

Thorndike Law of effect

Answer 29

"If a response, in the presence of a stimulus, is followed by a satisfying state of affairs, the bond between stimulus and response will be strengthened" -Satisfaction = stamping in -Discomfort = Stamping out

Question 30

Operant (instrumental) conditioning

Answer 30

-Learning that is controlled by the consequences of the organisms behavior -Antecedent, Behavior, Consequence

Question 31

Antecedent

Answer 31

Something detectable in the environment that set the occasion to respond

Question 32

Behavior

Answer 32

Activity that can be repeated, measure and has an impact on the environment

Question 33

Consequence

Answer 33

Stimuli that can increase of decrease the probability of the future behavior

Question 34

Reinforcement

Answer 34

-Can be positive or negative -Increases the frequency of a desirable behavior

Question 35

Positive reinforcement

Answer 35

Adding something good that reinforces the behavior to continue

Question 36

Negative reinforcement

Answer 36

Taking away something bad to make the situation more pleasant

Question 37

Punishment

Answer 37

-Can be positive or negative -Decreases the frequency of undesirable behavior

Question 38

Positive punishment

Answer 38

Adding something bad to discourage a behavior

Question 39

Negative punishment

Answer 39

Taking away something good to discourage a behavior

Question 40

Operant behaviors

Answer 40

Controlled by their consequences

Question 41

Operant conditioning

Answer 41

Involves the manipulation of consequences

Question 42

Classical behavior

Answer 42

Controlled (elicited) by antecedent stimuli

Question 43

Classical conditioning

Answer 43

Involves the manipulation of antecedent stimuli

Question 44

Social/Observational learning

Answer 44

-We understand what to do through watching others -Vicarious conditioning

Question 45

Vicarious conditioning