Topic 10: Self-management and habit reversal procedures

Question 1

Self management

Answer 1

-When an individual uses behavior modification techniques to change their own behavior
-Subject is their own change agent

Question 2

Behavioral deficits VS excesses

Answer 2

-Deficits: Desirable behavior not occurring enough
-Excess: Undesirable behavior occurring too much

Question 3

Competing contingencies

Answer 3

-Rarely just one behavior to consider
-Multiple sets of rules, contingencies that operate in a situation
-One behavior can have multiple consequences

Question 4

Delay discounting

Answer 4

-Longer we have to wait for something, the less it weighs in our mind
-Applies to punishers and reinforcers

Question 5

Deficit delayed reinforcers

Answer 5

-Delivery of reinforcement may be delayed
-Harder to associate behavior with reinforcer
-Decreases reinforcement value
-Increases chance for superstitious behavior to occur

Question 6

Deficit for low value reinforcers

Answer 6

-Delivery of reinforcement may be unappealing ( you don’t care about the consequence)
-You know behavior = reinforcer but you do not want the reinforcer that bad
-If consequence of desired behavior is not appealing then the undesired behavior becomes more likely

Question 7

Deficit high response cost

Answer 7

-If behavior takes a lot of effort to complete, the magnitude of the reinforcer needs to be sufficiently high to overcome effort needed
-If it takes a lot of effort to engage in undesired behavior then undesired behavior more likely (especially if undesired behavior is more likely)

Question 8

Deficit immediate punishment

Answer 8

-Behaviors do not just have one consequence
-If the consequence of a behavior includes something aversive, the magnitude of the behavior needs to sufficiently be high to overcome it
-EG) Exercise in long run is healthy but immediately you are sore and sweaty and in pain

Question 9

Deficit competing contingencies

Answer 9

-Other behaviors may be immediately reinforced
-More immediate consequences are more strongly valued
-Other behaviors may offer stronger reinforcers

Question 10

Deficit antecedent stimuli

Answer 10

-Behavior may be unlikely to occur because discriminative stimuli (something that makes behavior occur) for the behavior is lacking in environment
-Or an extinction stimuli (makes behavior not occur) is present
-Presence of discriminative stimuli for undesired behavior can make the behavior more likely instead of the desired behavior

Question 11

Excess antecedent behavior

Answer 11

-Behavior may be too likely to occur because discriminative stimuli for the behavior is common
-Or the extinction stimuli is present

Question 12

Excess delayed punishers

Answer 12

-Delivery may be delayed
-Harder to associate behavior with punisher
-Stuff in future = less valuable
-If consequences of undesired behavior is not very salient (noticeable) undesired behavior can be more likely

Question 13

excess immediate reinforcement

Answer 13

-Behaviors do not just have one consequence
-If an undesired behavior has an immediate reinforcing consequence and a long term punishing consequence, they will both be weighted but we undervalue delayed consequences

Question 14

excess low response cost

Answer 14

-If behavior easy to complete it is more likely to occur
-if it takes more effort to engage in the undesired behavior, the undesired behavior can be more likely

Question 15

EX) Healthy eating

Answer 15

-Immediate consequences: Decreased reinforcement (less yummy food)
-Increased response cost (food prep)
-reinforcement of competing behavior (easy to access, appealing junk food)
-Delayed consequences of improved health are not weighed as much

Question 16

Controlling vs controlled behavior

Answer 16

-In self-management you engage in a controlling behavior in the present to influence the controlled behavior in the future
-Controlling behavior: Self-management strategy
-Controlled behavior: Target behavior to be changed as a result of strategy

Question 17

Self management strategies

Answer 17

1) Goal setting
2) Behavioral contracts
3) Antecedent manipulations
4) arranging reinforcer and punishers
5) Recruiting social support
6) Self-instruction and self praise

Question 18

1) Goal setting

Answer 18

-Establish criteria for target behavior you want to achieve
-What is desired outcome of the procedure
-How much or little of the behavior are you aiming to see in the end
-Specific success criteria
-Set timeline
-Goals must be achievable and not too high
-concrete record and data of plan

Question 19

Self monitoring

Answer 19

Keep track of own behavior (makes you more aware of behavior and therefore can help change the behavior)

Question 20

2) Behavioral contracts

Answer 20

-Written document that specifies both target behaviors and contingencies of the procedure
-What does and does not count
-What are consequences and situations they will be delivered
-What is reinforcement schedule
-Contract manager

Question 21

Contract manager

Answer 21

-Another person responsible for carrying out consequences in line with the contract
-Avoids possibility of short circuiting behavior
-Having contract shared can help make it more effective by adding social consequences

Question 22

Short circuiting contingencies

Answer 22

-Allowing yourself to have reinforcer before you meet the requirements for the delivery
-Contract manager helps solve this

Question 23

3) Antecedent manipulations

Answer 23

-Arrange EO’s for desirable behaviors
-Arrange AO’s for undesirable behaviors
-Decrease response effort or delays for desirable behaviors
-Increase effort needed for undesirable behaviors

Question 24

4) arranging reinforcer and punishers

Answer 24

-Choose appropriate consequences for specific levels of the behavior
-Caution with ratio strain or short circuiting
-Consider satiation and deprivation

Question 25

ratio strain

Answer 25

-Stop engaging in behavior because the effort is too high for a reinforcer that is not worth it -too much responding to receive reinforcement can reduce overall responses

Question 26

5) Recruiting social support

Answer 26

-Arranging reinforcers and punishers through family and friends -Others can provide natural cues -Especially helpful with others engaging in self-management -Ex) you and friend go gym together

Question 27

6) Self-instruction and self praise

Answer 27

-Self-instruction: Statements you produce that make a target behavior more likely to occur in a specific situation (sticky note on wall to remind you of keys) --Serves as a controlling antecedent stimulus -Self Praise: Statements you produce after a behavior positively evaluating your performance --serves as conditioned reinforcer --Praising yourself, easier to deliver and can bridge gaps between primary reinforcer

Question 28

Common problems

Answer 28

-Unclear descriptions of antecedents and consequences in the functional assessment -Not describing what activities were engaged in before and after behavior occurred (or did not occur) -Unclear description of intervention process -Sometimes procedures are not practical -ratio strain

Question 29

Habit

Answer 29

-A settled or regular tendency or practice, especially one that is hard to give up -automatic reaction to specific situation

Question 30

Habit behavior

Answer 30

-Repetitive behavior 1) Nervous habits 2) Tics and Tourette's disorder -Motor tics, vocal tics, Tourette's disorder 3) Stuttering

Question 31

1) Nervous habits

Answer 31

-repetitive/manipulative behaviors that are most likely to occur when a person experiences heightened tension -Starts as self-soothing behavior but soon becomes unconscious habit -Not typically socially/environmentally reinforced -Often harmless unless extremities

Question 32

Tics and Tourette's

Answer 32

-Motor: Repetitve jerking movements of particular muscle group in body: NO intention behind it -Vocal tics: repetitive vocal sound or word uttered by person that serves NO communicational function -Tourette's disorder: Tic involving multiple motor and vocal tics

Question 33

Stuttering

Answer 33

-Speech disfluency in which individual repeats words or syllables -Prolongs word or sound -Trying to communicate something (difference with vocal tic) -Repetition due to failure of producing word

Question 34

When does habit become disorder?

Answer 34

-When it occurs excessively with great frequency, intensity or duration -Unreasonable -Physical damage to person -Distress, social stigma, or embarrassment

Question 35

Awareness training

Answer 35

-Teach discrimination (detection) of the habit and antecedents

Question 36

Competing response training

Answer 36

-Prompt and reinforce incompatible response in anticipation of habit behavior -Socially inconspicuous

Question 37

Social support

Answer 37

-Social circle -Someone else involved in treatment

Question 38

Motivating strategy

Answer 38

-Therapist reviews with client -When does habit occur and how it affects them -Client understanding the habit can motivate them to stop

Question 39

Other treatment procedures

Answer 39

-DRO -Response cost -Response blocking -Self-monitoring -Goal setting