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Biomed > Block 3_Chapter 16 > Flashcards

Block 3_Chapter 16 Flashcards

1
Q

The ________ division of the autonomic nervous system is said to function during “rest and digest.”

A

parasympathetic

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2
Q

The statement “its postganglionic axons always use acetylcholine as the neurotransmitter” is

A

True only to the parasympathetic nervous system

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3
Q

Which of the following would be an example of higher-level control of autonomic function?

A

increased heart rate when you see a person you fear

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4
Q

Muscarinic receptors

A

are normally activated by Ach

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5
Q

Alzheimer disease is characterized by all of the following, except that it

A

has a clear genetic basis

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6
Q

A decrease in the autonomic tone of the smooth muscle in a blood vessel would result in

A

both an increase in vessel diameter and an increase in blood flow through a vessel

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7
Q

In general, sympathetic preganglionic fibers are ________ and postganglionic fibers are ________.

A

both myelinated and short; unmyelinated and long

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8
Q

Sympathomimetic drugs might be used to

A

dilate airways

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9
Q

Which of the following is an example of a visceral reflex?

A

defacation reflex
vomiting reflex
pupillary reflex
ejaculation in response to tactile stimuli

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10
Q

Drugs that have effects similar to those of sympathetic activation are called sympathomimetic drugs. Which of the following would you not expect to observe in a person who has taken a sympathomimetic drug?

A

decreased blood pressure

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11
Q

Which of the following visceral reflexes is not coordinated by the medulla oblongata?

A

pupillary reflex

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12
Q

A state of unconsciousness in which an individual can be aroused by normal stimuli is

A

sleep

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13
Q

The suprarenal medullae (adrenal glands) secrete

A

both epinephrine and norepinephrine

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14
Q

Changes in the central nervous system that accompany aging include

A
  • reduction in brain size and weight
  • decrease in the number of neurons
  • decreased blood flow to the brain
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15
Q

Ganglionic neurons innervate such things as

A
  • smooth muscle
  • cardiac muscle
  • adipose tissue
  • glands
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16
Q

An age-related decline in mental function characterized by difficulties with spatial orientation, memory, language, and personality is called

A

senile dementia

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17
Q

Sympathetic nerves

A

are bundles of postsynaptic fibers that innervate organs within the thoracic cavity

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18
Q

In the sympathetic nervous system, where are the preganglionic neurons located?

A

thoracic and lumber segments of the spinal cord

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19
Q

Drugs that block nicotinic receptors could

A
  • suppress the transmission of nerve impulses in the autonomic nervous system
  • suppress the generation of an action potential
  • be classified as anti-cholinergic agents
  • cause skeletal muscle paralysis
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20
Q

Dual innervation of an organ

A

implies that the organ is receiving input from both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system

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21
Q

In general, autonomic tone of peripheral blood vessels increases when

A

sympathetic stimulation is increased

22
Q

Nicotinic receptors

A
  • open chemically gated sodium channels

- when activated cause a membrane depolarization

23
Q

Stumulation of alpha 1 adrenergic receptors by NE results in

A

Release of Ca+ ions from intracellular stores

24
Q

The statement “its ganglia are usually near or within the end organ” is

A

true only for the parasympathetic nervous system

25
Q

Parasympathetic stimulation

A

increases gastric motility

26
Q

Control of the diameter of the respiratory passages depends upon

A

both parasympathetic and sympathetic levels of stimulation

27
Q

Mechanisms involved in memory formation and storage involve all of the following

A
  • facilitation at synapses
  • formation of additional synaptic connections
  • the formation of memory engrams
  • increase release of neurotransmitters
28
Q

Parasympathetic blocking agents would be useful in treating

A

urinary incontinence (inability to control bladder muscle contractions)

29
Q

Which of the following statements concerning the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system is true

A
  • the ganglionic neurons always release Ach
  • preganglionic neurons are located in the brain stem and sacral region of the spinal cord
  • ganglion neurons are located in ganglia within or near to effectors
  • the actions of parasympathetic division are more localized than those of the sympathetic division
30
Q

Depending on their location and function, postganglionic sympathetic axons can release which of the following neurotransmitters at their effector junctions?

A
  • Ach
  • NE
  • nitric oxide
31
Q

The conscious state is maintained by the

A

Reticular activating system (RAS)

32
Q

An inhaler used to treat airway constriction in asthma or allergy might contain a drug that

A

Activates adrenergic receptors or blocks muscarinic cholinergic receptors

33
Q

A neuron with nicotinic receptors is exposed to acetylcholine. This will lead to

A

activation of chemically gated ion channels, excitation of the neuron, and entry of sodium ion

34
Q

Parasympathetic functions include all of the following

A
  • stimulation of defecation
  • stimulation of urination
  • decrease in the rate of cardiac contraction
  • constriction of the pupils
35
Q

Preganglionic fibers leave the CNS and then synapse on

A

ganglionic neurons

36
Q

In general, parasympathetic preganglionic fibers are ________ and postganglionic fibers are ________.

A

both myelinated and long; unmyelinated and short

37
Q

Each of the following effects is associated with the action of postganglionic sympathetic fibers

A
  • dilation of pupils
  • reduced circulation to the skin
  • increased sweat secretion
  • increased blood flow to skeletal muscles
38
Q

Which of the following is essential for memory consolidation

A

hippocampus

39
Q

A certain drug decreases heart rate by blocking a receptor on cardiac pacemaker cells. This drug probably binds to ________ receptors.

A

beta-1 adrenergic

40
Q

Postganglionic fibers release neurotransmitter on peripheral effectors

A

at pearl-like swellings called varicosities

41
Q

Drugs known as beta-blockers may be useful for treating

A

excessive heart rate

42
Q

Stimulation of the beta receptors on heart muscle cells results in

A

formation of cAMP, increased heart rate, increased force of contraction

43
Q

The stimulation of beta-adrenergic receptors can lead to

A
  • increase in metabolic activity
  • inhibition of airway smooth muscle
  • breakdown of triglycerides within adipocytes
44
Q

After arousal by a sensory stimulus, consciousness can be maintained by positive feedback, because of activity in the

A
  • cerebral cortex
  • basal nuclei
  • sensory pathways
  • motor pathways
45
Q

which of the following would lead to increased heart rate?

A

both increased sympathetic input and decreased sympathetic input

46
Q

Autonomic tone is an important aspect of ANS function because it

A

allows ANS neurons to increase or decrease their activity, providing a range of control options

47
Q

Activation of the sympathetic nervous system can lead to which of the following?

A
  • elevated heart rate
  • elevated blood pressure
  • sweating
  • elevated blood glucose
48
Q

Most sympathetic effector junctions release norepinephrine but a significant number release acetylcholine instead. Which of these is an example of an organ of the cholinergic type?

A

a sweat gland (generalized)

49
Q

The parasympathetic nervous system is especially active during which physiological state(s)

A

digestion

50
Q

Drugs that stimulate alpha receptors, causing constriction of peripheral vessels, are

A

sympathomimetric

Biomed (8 decks)

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