W11 Flashcards
what is a neoplasm
A neoplasm is an abnormal mass of tissue, the growth of which exceeds and is uncoordinated with that of the normal tissues, and persists in the same excessive manner after apparent cessation of the stimuli which evoked the change.
what is hyperplasia
A potentially reversible increase in the mass of an organ or tissue due to an increase in the number of its component cells
what is hypertrophy
a potentially reversible increase in the size of an organ or tissue due to an increase in the size of its component cells. a physiological or pathological response to increased functional demand
explain the biology of cancer growth
- First localised: pre-cancerous & pre-invasive (dysplasia/carcinoma in situ ) - may be asymptomatic
- Penetrate the basement membranes/ capsules
- Movement through extracellular matrix
- Penetration of vascular channels
- Survival/arrest in the circulation
- Exit to new tissue sites
- Survival and growth as metastasis evoking angiogenesis: growth factors are secreted- FGF, VEGF, TGF, PDGF
how can you classify a tumour
- Behavioural
- Histogenetic
- Descriptive
- Site of origin
- Embryological • Aetiological
- Molecular - emerging
what is mean if a tumour is benign
remain localised
what is mean if a tumour is malignant
not localised, spread to distant sites/invasion (primary or secondary (metastatic))
what is the different behavioural classifications
benign, malignant or intermediate
what is a carcinoma cancer
malignant epithelial
what is a mesenchymal cancer
sarcoma
what are the two different sites of origin for a cancer
primary and secondary
tissue type + oma
benign
cell/tissue + carcinoma
malignant
cell/tissue type + sarcoma
malignant
what is an adenoma
a benign epithelial neoplasm that forms glands or which derives from glandular tissue
what is an adenocarcinoma
a malignant counterpart of an adenoma
what is a polyp
any growth or mass protruding from a mucous surface
what are the different aetiologies of neoplasms
Genetic: • Chemical: polycyclic aromatics hydrocarbons, afla toxins • Hormonal: • Irradiation: ultraviolet, asbestos • Mycrobial organisms: • Chronic diseases: chronic ulcers • Immune system disorders:
what are examples of the following: autsomal dominant inherited cancer syndromes
childhood retinoblastoma, Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP)
what are examples of the following:Defective DNA repair syndromes and resulting DNA instability–
HNPCC, xeroderma pigmentosa
what are examples of the following: Familial cancers
colon, breast, ovary..
Complex interaction between genetic and non-genetic factors
what cancer is common in japan
gastric cancer
what cancer is common in australia and NZ
skin cancer
what cancer is common in australia and US
mesothelioma
what cancer is common in US
lung cancer
what chemical toxins can cause cancer
polycyclic hydrocarbons, aromatic amines, azo dyes, afla toxins
what cancers are caused by UV radiation
Squamous and basal cell carcinoma melanoma
what are some oncogenic DNA viruses
HepB – liver cancer
EBV – Burkitt’s lymphoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma HPV – SCC of cervix, anogenital, some oral-laryngeal