Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

physiology > Midterm-Slide Set 4 > Flashcards

Midterm-Slide Set 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Define afferent

A

sends info to the CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Define efferent

A

sends info from the CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Where does the SNS send its signals?

A

skeletal muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the effectors of the ANS?

A

glands and smooth and cardiac muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the sympathetic division of the ANS?

A

prepares the body to deal with immediate threats to the internal environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the parasympathetic division of the ANS?

A

coordinates the body’s normal resting activities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Explain how the parasympathetic system works on the stomach

A

the distension (stretching) of the stomach in the presence of food causes the parasympathetic system to mucosa to release Gastrin, which increases the secretion of gastric juices

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Explain how the sympathetic system works on the heart

A

stimulates SA node by releasing norepinephrine, which acts by accelerating inactivation of K channels. Cell becomes less negative, swifter drift to AP, heart beats more to pump more blood, has a vasoconstriction effect on the blood vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the cytoskeleton of neurons made of?

A

microtubules and microfilaments and neurofibrils (bundles of neurofilaments= intermediate filaments)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the four types of glial cells?

A

oligodendrocytes, microglia, astrocytes, and ependymal cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Where do the cell extensions of astrocytes connect to?

A

neurons and capillaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is the function of astrocytes?

A

transfer nutrients from the blood to the neurons and form tight sheaths around brain capillaries (BBB)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the blood-brain barrier (BBB)?

A

the specialized system of capillary endothelial cells that protects the brain from harmful substances in the blood stream while also allowing for supplying the brain with the required nutrients for proper function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How does the BBB protect the brain?

A

BBB strictly limits transport into the brain through both physical (tight junctions) and metabolic (enzymes) barriers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How do astrocytes contribute to the BBB?

A

webs of astrocytes form tight sheets around the brain’s capillaries creates a double barrier with the capillary endothelial cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are liposomes and how do they work with the BBB?

A

vesicles with a phospholipid bilayer membrane. liposomes can fuse with other bilayers to deliver its contents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are microglia cells?

A

the macrophages of the brain, usually stationary except in inflamed brain tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are ependymal cells?

A

some produce fluids, others aid in circulation of fluids. polarised nucleus bc there are cilia on the other end. they are the stem cells of the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are oligodendrocytes?

A

hold nerve fibers together & PRODUCE MYELIN SHEATH in CNS. small than astrocytes with fewer processes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is multiple sclerosis?

A

MS is the malfunction of oligodendrocytes (loss of myelin sheath). plaque-like lesions detected by MRI

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are Schwann cells?

A

functionally similar to oligodendrocytes but found only in the PNS. support nerve fibers and sometimes form myelin sheath

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Define grey fibers

A

PNS nerves with supporting Schwann cells

23
Q

Define white fibers

A

PNS nerves with myelin-forming Schwann cells

24
Q

Where is the nucleus located in Schwann cells?

A

it is pushed to the outside of the myelin sheath

25
Q

What are satellite cells?

A

Another type of Schwann cell that covers and supports neuron cell bodies in the PNS

26
Q

What are the four zones of a neuron?

A

input, summation, conduction, and output zones

27
Q

Define interneurons

A

afferent neurons found only in the CNS

28
Q

What is the reflex arc?

A

receptor -> afferent neuron -> CNS -> interneuron -> efferent neuron -> effector

29
Q

Define nerves

A

(within PNS) bundles of peripheral nerve fibers (bundles of axons) held together by several layers of connective tissue

30
Q

Define tracts

A

bundles of nerve fibers within the CNS

31
Q

Under what conditions can nerve fibers be repaired?

A

the cell body and neurilemma (Schwann cell cytoplasm around nerve fiber) have to be intact and scarring has not occurred

32
Q

Which side of the cell membrane is sodium found?

A

outside the cell

33
Q

Which side of the membrane are chloride anions found?

A

outside the cell

34
Q

Which ion is the cell membrane more permeable to?

A

potassium

35
Q

How much Na and K does the Na/K pump move?

A

3 Na out for every 2 K in

36
Q

What are the three types of gated channels in ion permeability?

A

mechanically gated, chemical gated, and voltage gated

37
Q

How do the Cl ions stay outside the cell?

A

They are repelled by the anions inside the cell, which are trapped there

38
Q

Which channels are open in a resting neuron?

A

K channels

39
Q

Which channels are closed in a resting neuron?

A

Na channels

40
Q

Define local potentials

A

slight shift away from resting potential

41
Q

Define excitation

A

stimulus triggers the opening of additional Na channels

42
Q

What is the typical threshold potential?

A

has to reach -59mV in the summation zone to fire

43
Q

What voltage is the action potential peak at?

A

+30mV

44
Q

Define absolute refractory period

A

brief period (half a millisecond) during which a local area of a neuron’s membrane resists restimulation

45
Q

Define relative refractor period

A

time during which the membrane is repolarized and is restoring the resting membrane potential and will only respond to a very string stimulus

46
Q

How does one action potential stimulate the next?

A

overflow of positive ions inside the cell diffuses a bit and causes an action potential adjacent to the original site

47
Q

What is saltatory conduction?

A

when the myelin insulates the axon, there is no action potential there, only propagation. action potentials occur at the nodes of Ranvier

48
Q

Where can neurons terminate?

A

on a muscle, gland, or another neuron

49
Q

What is axodendritic?

A

axon signals postsynaptic dendrite. common

50
Q

What is axosomatic?

A

axon signals postsynaptic soma. common

51
Q

What is axoaxonic?

A

axon signals postsynaptic axon. may regulate action potential of postsynaptic axon

52
Q

What types of postsynaptic potentials can be induced?

A

excitatory (Na) and inhibitory (Cl)

53
Q

What are the ways to terminate a chemical signal?

A

re-uptake by neuron, diffusion out of the synaptic cleft and taken up by glial cells, or metabolized by enzymes

54
Q

Which neurotransmitter is found at the neuromuscular junction?

A

acetylcholine

physiology (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions