Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Micro 265 Fall 2023 > 2.9 Eukaryotic Microbial Cells > Flashcards

2.9 Eukaryotic Microbial Cells Flashcards

1
Q

what do eukaryotic cells have?

A
  • contain several conserved membrane-bound compartments.

-these internal structures are key to complexity and organization.

-discrete functions in dedicated compartments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what do prokaryotic cells NOT have?

A
  • they do not have membrane-bound organelles
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Nucleus in a Eukaryotic cell

A
  • defining characteristics of eukaryotic cells.
  • it separates genetic material (DNA) from the rest of the cell.

-Proteins related to replicating DNA, packing DNA, transcription of DNA. TRANSLATION IS NOT OCCURING IN NUCLEUS.

-ribosomes are outside the nucleus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Mitochondria in Eukaryotic cell

A
  • almost universal amongst eukaryotes. (few protists lack mitochondria)

-it is the battery of the cell or the energy center of the cell. It is the site of respiration and ATP production.
a. diff cell =diff mitochondria.

  • vary in number and shape based on cell type and tissues.
  • it contains its own genomes and ribosomes.
  • it evolved from ALPHAPROBACTERIUM
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Golgi and ER in Eukaryotic cell

A
  • they work together and act as the UPS or canada post.
  • they are involved in modifying and sorting proteins to be secreted from cell or translocated to other parts of the cell.
    a. GLYCOSYLATION: an important
    modification –> Proteins are
    glycosylated by adding glycan (sugars)
  • proteins and other molecules are packaged into vesicles and trafficked around the cell. (ship off stuff packaged in vesicles. )
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is a cytoskeleton?

A
  • Dynamic protein filament network involved in cell shape,
    transport within the cell, cell movement and more (unique feature of eukaryote)
  • keeps the cell the way it is in its structure.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is a vacuole?

A
  • Membrane bound compartment, often for storing nutrients
    and/or waste.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is a lysoomes?

A
  • are specialized vacuoles found in many animals
    cells that contain enzymes to break down incoming nutrients
  • break food down –> allows digestion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is a chloroplast?

A

-Found in phototrophs (like plants and algea) – contain the machinery for photosynthesis

  • found in organism that use sunlight as an energy source –> came form cyanobacteria.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is a vesicle?

A
  • Small, membrane bound compartments used extensively to traffic
    materials around the cell, into/out of cells and between organelles
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is a cell wall?

A
  • Some eukaryotes have one (plants, fungi), others don’t (animals).
    Much diversity in structure.
  • diverse and diff types of cell walls
  • variation in whether the organism has a cell wall or not.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is Saccharomyces cerevisiae and its cell structure?

A
  • it is a model yeast organism.

-Relatively small/simple eukaryote, but
still contains considerable internal
compartmentalization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Compare E.coli to Saccharomyces cerevisiae

A
  • Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells are 20 times larger than E.coli.
  • E. coli lacks internal compartmentalization.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what are all eukaryotes descendants of?

A
  • last common eukaryotic common ancestor (LECA)
  • they share common aspects of their cell biology (cytoskeleton, nucleus, golgi …)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is remarkable diversity?

A

-Many different lineages branched off long ago
-Differences even show up in cell biology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

In how many supergroups are Microbial Eukaryotes present in?

A
  • 5 subgroups of eukarya
17
Q

Do eukaryotes have limited metabolic diversity compared to prokaryotes? (True or False)

A
  • True (most are obligate aerobes and use either photosynthesis or organic compounds for energy)
18
Q

Microbial Eukaryotes Diversity

A
  1. we start with LECA
  2. then we branched into plants and animals (big eukaryotes)
  3. We had the formation of microbes, green algae branched off of plants, and fungi (close to animals) branched off of animals.
  4. There is secondary endosymbiosis on the plant’s side, organisms actually stole chloroplast from another organism. Chloroplast is the result of secondary endosymbiosis.
  5. Below LECA we have bacteria, it can either be a mitochondrial ancestor (primary endosymbiosis) which leads to LECA directly. OR the bacteria can be a chloroplast ancestor (primary endosymbiosis) which leads to the branching of plants.
19
Q

what is an algae?

A
  • definition is highly variable.
    -algae is basically photosynthetic organism that are not plants
    -algae includes microbes (microalgae -single celled)
  • algae includes non-microbes (macroalgae -multicellular)
20
Q

Are algae diverse?

A
  • there is ten or hundreds of thousands of species.
    -many are single celled eukaryotes
  • many algae is used in foods and fertilizers, especially for biofuels.
21
Q

What is a fungi?

A
  • is one of the 5 kingdoms of life
    -it is a kingdom of life that includes both microbes (yeast) and nonmicrobes (mushrooms)
  • microbial group is most closely elated to animals.
22
Q

Are fungi motile?

A
  • fungi are nonmotile.
23
Q

what are the cell walls of fungi made up of?

A
  • it is made up of chitin, which is a polysaccharide .
24
Q

Are fungi pathogens?

A
  • some fungi are pathogens of plants or animals.
25
Q

what is an example of fungi?

A
  • candida albicans –> fungal pathogen (found in gut)
  • found in heathy individuals
    -caused by yeast infections in women (overgrown and imbalance of presence of organism)
  • can cause serious infections in the immunosuppressed.
  • it is good but can cause serious problems’.
26
Q

what is yeast?

A
  • single celled fungi
  • saccharomyces cervisiae (great way to generate alcohol) is important model yeast.
27
Q

what has yeast been used for?

A
  • used as a model system for many aspects or eukaryotic genetics and cell biology.
28
Q

what can be yeast also converted to?

A
  • carbohydrates to –> co2 +alcohol = by fermentation
29
Q

what is a amoeba?

A
  • it is a single-celled eukaryotic organisms that use pseudopods for locomotion.
30
Q

what are pseudopods?

A
  • they stick our and are used for engulfing.
  • they are temporary projections that stick out of the cell.
  • they use these as arms to crawl across surface.
31
Q

where do amoebas inhabitant?

A
  • The inhabitant in many environments, such as fresh water and soil.
32
Q

what is a Amoebozoa?

A
  • a classic amoeba.
  • is a diverse phylum of eukaryotes.

** eukaryotes form different linages can have the characteristics if an amoeba. **

33
Q

What is a Protist/protozona?

A

-was one of the original 5 kingdom.
-used to describe a eukaryotic microbe that isn’t a plant, animal, or fungus.
-used in a generic sense and doesn’t refer to a specific taxonomical group.

34
Q

what is a plankton?

A
  • diverse organisms that cannot propel themselves and they drift in water or in air.
35
Q

what is a parasite?

A
  • it is a type of symbiotic relationship (close associations formed between pairs of species. )
  • eukaryotic pathogens –> parasite

Micro 265 Fall 2023 (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions