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Biology4351 > Asthma, GI Drugs, Analgesics, RA + OA, Diabetes > Flashcards

Asthma, GI Drugs, Analgesics, RA + OA, Diabetes Flashcards

1
Q

What’s the treatment rationale for asthma?

A

Bronchodilators

Anti-inflammatories

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2
Q

Three classes of bronchodilators

A

β2 Agonists
Anticholinergics
Methylxanthines

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3
Q

Types of β2 agonists used for asthma

A 
Slow acting (Prophylactic) 
Rapid acting ("Rescue" Agent)
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4
Q

Albuterol (Proventil) is in a class of _ called _

A

Bronchodilators, β2 agonists

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5
Q

Salmeterol (Advair) is in a class of _ called _

A

Bronchodilators, β2 agonists

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6
Q

With regards to timeliness of use, Albuterol (Proventil) is _ while Salmeterol is _

A

rapid acting, slow acting

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7
Q

Albuterol is used as a _ while salmeterol is used as a _

A

Rescue Agent, Prophylactic

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8
Q

Ipratropium (Atrovent) is in a class of _ called _

A

Bronchodilators, Anticholinergics

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9
Q

Tiotropium (Spiriva) is in a class of _ called _

A

Bronchodilators, Anticholinergics

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10
Q

Theophylline (Theo-24, Theolair, Uniphyl) is in a class of _ called _

A

Bronchodilators, Methylxanthines

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11
Q

Three classes of anti-inflammatory drugs

A

Corticosteroids
Antileukotrienes
Mast cell stabilizers

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12
Q

Fluticasone (Advair, Flonase) is in a class of _ called _

A

Anti-Inflammatories, Corticosteroids

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13
Q

Montelukast (Singulair) is in a class of _ called _

A

Anti-Inflammatories, Antileukotrienes

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14
Q

Cromolyn sodium (NasalCrom) is in a class of _ called _

A

Anti-Inflammatories, Mast cell stabilizers

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15
Q

How do Corticosteroids work?

A

Mimic the anti-inflammatory effects of cortisol

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16
Q

How do Antileukotrienes work?

A

Block LTB4 receptors, reducing leukotriene effect

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17
Q

How do mast cell stabilizers work?

A

Prevent the degranulation of mast cells

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18
Q

Why are methylxanthines not as common nowadays?

A

Small therapeutic index

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19
Q

Ipratropium (Atrovent) is commonly used in the maintenance of

A

COPD

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20
Q

How do methylxanthines work?

A

Bind directly to and relaxes bronchial smooth muscles

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21
Q

Why is Albuterol (Proventil) inhaled?

A

To target the airways and reduce systemic side effects

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22
Q

What’s the most commonly used bronchodilator?

A

β2 Agonists

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23
Q

What are leukotrienes?

A

Inflammatory mediators that enhance the inflammatory response

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24
Q

Active ingredients in Advair

A

Fluticasone & Salmeterol

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25
Q

What’s the treatment rationale for constipation?

A

Increase GI (colonic) motility

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26
Q

What’s the treatment rationale for diarrhea?

A

Decrease GI (colonic) motility

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27
Q

What’s the treatment rationale for GERD?

A

Reduce HCl secretion

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28
Q

What’s the treatment rationale for Peptic Ulcer Disease?

A

Reduce HCl secretion + Increase mucosal protection

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29
Q

Two classes of laxatives

A

Stimulants

Bulk forming agents

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30
Q

Phenolphthalein (X-Lax) is in a class of _ called _

A

Laxatives, Stimulants

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31
Q

Psyllium (Metamucil) is in a class of _ called _

A

Laxatives, Bulk forming agents

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32
Q

How do bulk-forming agents work?

A

Expand when exposed to water, distending GI wall, stimulating peristalsis (gastro colic reflex)

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33
Q

Possible side effects of long term use of laxatives

A

Bowel atony

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34
Q

Diphenoxylate (Lomotil) is in a class of _ called _

A

Anti-diarrheals, Opiods

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35
Q

Loperamide (Immodium) is in a class of _ called _

A

Anti-diarrheals, Opiods

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36
Q

When should diarrhea not be treated with antimotility agents?

A

Antimotility agents should not be used when it’s infectious diarrhea

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37
Q

How do PPI’s work?

A

Inhibit proton pumps, reducing HCl secretion

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38
Q

Omeprazole (Prilosec) is in a class of drugs called _

A

PPI’s

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39
Q

Esomeprazole (NEXium) is in a class of drugs called _

A

PPI’s

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40
Q

How do H2 receptor antagonists work?

A

block H2 (histamine) receptors, indirectly reducing HCl secretion

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41
Q

Ranitidine (Zantac) is in a class of drugs called _

A

H2 receptor antagonists

42
Q

Cimetidine (Tagamet) is in a class of drugs called _

A

H2 receptor antagonists

43
Q

Omeprazole (Prilosec), Esomeprazole (NEXium), Ranitidine (Zantac), and Cimetidine (Tagamat) all

A

Reduce HCl secretion

44
Q

How does sucralfate (Carafate) work?

A

In an acidic environment forms protective mucosal layer that coats ulcer

45
Q

When should sucralfate (Carafate) not be used?

A

Sucralfate (Carafate) should not be used with an antacid

46
Q

Two classes of analgesics

A

Opiods

Non-opiods

47
Q

Most common non-opiod subclass

A

NSAIDs

48
Q

With regards to pain intensity, opiods are used for

A

moderate to severe pain

49
Q

Two classes of opiods

A

Strong agonists

Moderate agonists

50
Q

What do opiods bind to?

A

μ opiod receptors

51
Q

How do opiods reduce pain?

A

change brain’s perception of pain
inhibit ascending pain transmission
stimulate descending pain-relieving transmission

52
Q

What are the side effects of opiods?

A

Constipation

Respiratory depression

53
Q

Most common non-opiod non-NSAID

A

Acetaminophen

54
Q

Acetaminophen has no anti-inflammatory effect; it is an _ and _

A

analgesic, antipyretic

55
Q

How do NSAID’s work?

A

inhibit enzymes, usually COX-1 and COX-2, in the cyclooxygenase pathway, reducing the synthesis of anti-inflammatory mediators

56
Q

What products depend on the COX-1 pathway

A

TXA2, which promotes platelet aggregation

PG, which increase mucosal protection in GI tract

57
Q

What products depend on the COX-2 pathway

A

PGI’s associated with pain, inflammation, and fever production
PGI’s, which decrease platelet aggregation

58
Q

Aspirin (Ecotrin) is in a class of _ called _

A

Non-opiod analgesics, NSAID’s

59
Q

Ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin) is in a class of _ called _

A

Non-opiod analgesics, NSAID’s

60
Q

Naproxen (Aleve) is in a class of _ called _

A

Non-opiod analgesics, NSAID’s

61
Q

Celecoxib (Celebrex) is in a class of _ called _

A

Non-opiod analgesics, NSAID’s

62
Q

Celecoxib (Celebrex) specifically inhibits what pathway

A

COX-2

63
Q

In addition to being an analgesic, Aspirin is also a _, _, _

A

antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, anti-platelet

64
Q

_ has the most advanced anti-platelet effect of the NSAID’s

A

Aspirin

65
Q

What are the side effects of NSAID’s

A

May promote ulcer formation

May promote stomach bleeding

66
Q

What are the side effects of celecoxib (Celebrex)?

A

Increase risk of adverse cardiovascular effects, mostly heart attack

67
Q

Where do the side effects for celecoxib (Celebrex) come from?

A

Unimposed COX-1’s TXA2 effect on platelet aggregation

68
Q

Where does the side effect for NSAID’s come from?

A

Removing COX-1’s PG’s mucosal protection in GI tract

69
Q

Generally, knocking out the COX-1 pathway has what effect on the body?

A

decreases platelet aggregation

decreases mucosal protection in GI tract

70
Q

Generally, knocking out the COX-2 pathway has what effect on the body?

A

reduces pain, inflammation, and fever

increases platelet aggregation

71
Q

What’s the treatment rationale for rheumatoid arthritis?

A

Reduce pain and inflammation

Halt disease progression

72
Q

Rheumatoid arthritis is an _ disease that usually affects _ joints

A

autoimmune, smaller

73
Q

_ are used to treat the disease progression of rheumatoid arthritis

A

DMARD’s-disease modifying antirheumatic drugs

74
Q

Two classes of DMARD’s

A

Nonbiologic

Biologic

75
Q

1st line of defense for rheumatoid arthritis

A

DMARD’s- Reduce immune activity

76
Q

Methotrexate (Trexall) is in a class of drugs called _ _

A

Nonbiologic DMARD’s

77
Q

Leflunomide (Arava) is in a class of drugs called _ _

A

Nonbiologic DMARD’s

78
Q

How does methotrexate (Trexall) work?

A

Methotrexate (Trexall) is a folate inhibitor which reduces T-cell proliferation, reducing autoimmune activity

79
Q

How does leflunomide (Arava) work?

A

Leflunomide (Arava) reduces T cell activation, reducing autoimmune activity

80
Q

Adalimumab (Humira) is in a class of drugs called _ _

A

Biologic DMARD’s

81
Q

How does adalimumab (Humira) work?

A

Adalimumab (Humira) binds tumor necrosis factor α, the chemical, not the receptor, to prevent proinflammatory effect

82
Q

What are the side effects of DMARD’s

A

Increased risk of life-threatening infection

83
Q

Osteoarthritis is a _ disease that usually affects _ joints

A

progressive, large

84
Q

What’s the treatment rationale for osteoarthritis?

A

Reduce pain

Visco-supplementation

85
Q

Chondroitin sulfate is a _ intended to _

A

viscosupplement, replace material in cartilage

86
Q

Hyaluronan injections do what for osteoarthritis?

A

Hyaluronan injections minimize degenerative effects

87
Q

What’s the treatment rationale for Type I diabetes mellitus?

A

Replace insulin

88
Q

What’s the treatment rationale for Type II diabetes mellitus?

A

increase insulin sensitivity/decrease insulin resistance

increase insulin secretion in β cells

89
Q

What’s the potential sideeffect of all antidiabetic drugs?

A

hypoglycemia

90
Q

Glipizide (Glucotrol) is in a class of _ called _

A

antidiabetics, Sulfonylureas

91
Q

Exenatide (Byetta) is in a class of _ called _

A

antidiabetics, Incretin analogues

92
Q

Sitagliptin phosphate (Januvia) is in a class of _ called _

A

antidiabetics, DPP-IV Inhibitors

93
Q

Three classes of drugs to increase insulin secretion for Type II Diabetes mellitus

A

Sulfonylureas
Incretin analogues
DPP-IV Inhibitors

94
Q

How do sulfonylureas work?

A

directly stimulates β cells to produce more insulin

95
Q

How do incretin analogues work?

A

mimics effect of incretin (GLP-1), stimulating β cells to produce more insulin

96
Q

How do DPP-4 inhibitors work?

A

inhibits DPP-4, the enzyme that inactivates GLP-1, prolonging GLP-1’s β cell stimulating effect, producing more insulin

97
Q

Class of drugs that increases insulin sensitivity for Type II Diabetes mellitus

A

Biguanides

98
Q

Metformin is in a class of _ drugs called _

A

antidiabetics, biguanides

99
Q

How does dapagliflozin (Farxiga) work?

A

blocks sodium-glucose transport proteins, reducing glucose reabsorbed from filtrate, reducing blood sugar

100
Q

How does metformin work?

A

increases peripheral glucose uptake by cells &

lowers hepatic glucose production, reducing blood sugar

Biology4351 (16 decks)

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