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PMVPH > Mastitis - Clinical presentation > Flashcards

Mastitis - Clinical presentation Flashcards

1
Q

What are the presentations of mastitis?

A

clinical or subclinical (more common)
Dry period or lactation infection
Contagious (mostly) or environmental

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2
Q

What is a dry cow infection?

A

One where the cow gets mastitis within the first 100 days after calving (i.e. early lactation)

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3
Q

What is Orbeseal?

A

An intrammammary suspension to put in the teats to prevent infection.

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4
Q

How do the bacteria generally vary between contagious and environmental causes for mastitis?

A 
There is a scale which works generally:
CONTAGIOUS 
S. agalactiae
S. aureau
S. dysgalactiae
S. uberis
E. coli
ENVIRONMENTAL
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5
Q

General causes of mastitis

A

Multifactorial:

Host, environmental, agent

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6
Q

Average UK incidence of mastitis

A

35 per 100 cows per year (40-70 quarter infections)

SE England: 45 cases/100 cows/year

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7
Q

What is an average bulk tank somatic cell count?

A

184,000/ml

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8
Q

What does a bulk milk tank reading of <100,000 indicate?

A

Fewer clinical mastitis cases but typically cases are more severe (e.g. E.coli infections)

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9
Q

Why bother with mastitis?

A 
MILK QUANTITY (actual and potential milk)
MILK QUALITY (residues, penalty for high SCC)
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10
Q

Average cost per mastitis case?

A

£100 per year +/-

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11
Q

What is needed for clinical mastitis?

A

Pathogen exposure, entry into teat and mammary gland, establishment of infection.

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12
Q

True/false - in mastitis there are always changes in the milk

A

True (colour, spots, clots etc)

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13
Q

How is clinical mastitis graded?

A

Grades 1-3

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14
Q

Describe grade 1 mastitis

A

milk change only, decreased milk yield

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15
Q

Describe grade 2 mastitis

A

Subdivided into acute and chronic
ACUTE = milk changes, changes in the udder, milk yield decreased
CHRONIC = as acute but persistent changes (udder and milk)

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16
Q

Describe grade 3 mastitis

A

As grade 2 but a systemic sick cow (typically E.coli or S.aureus)

17
Q

Pathogens involved in acute/clinical mastitis - 6

A 
(S. agalactiae) - subclinical
S. dysglacactiae (teat injury)
S. uberis (envi)
S. aureus (contagious)
E. coli
Exotic agents: Klebsiella, Salmonella, yeasts, Bacillus cereus, Mycoplasma.
18
Q

Will you have a positive California Milk Test (CMT) with subclinical mastitis?

A

Yes

19
Q

How would you perform a CMT (OSCE!!!)?

A

wipe teat,
wear gloves (show best practice)
strip pre-milk (highest SCC)
take sample
remember paddle orientation
add reagnet to disrupt membrane and cause DNA to branch out
Assess - there is some grading as to the outcome (slight/very positive result)

20
Q

Pathogens implicated in chornic/sub-clinical mastitis

A

S.aureus
S.uberis
S.agalactiae
Corynebacterium bovis

21
Q

What are the important aspects of mastitis history?

A

duration, development, stage of lactation and gestation, age, treatment and its response, previous episodes, SCC data from NMR, other cases in herd?? records?

22
Q

What are the important aspects of mastitis clinical exam?

A

systemic clinical exam
udder exam (inspect, palpate, LNs)
milk exam
Milk sample - CMT

Preliminary Dx and Tx

23
Q

Is Baytri a systemic treatment?

A

Yes

24
Q

What features do ABs need to have for mastitis treatment? 3

A

systemic,
intramammmary during lactation
intrammammary in a dry cow
ABOVE TWO ARE DIFFERENT, DO NOT CONFUSE!!!

25
Q

What does AB choice depend on?

A

sensitivity, pharmacokinetics, availability, costs, herd history, withdrawal time

26
Q

Other treatment options for mastitis - 5

A 
Oxytocin - helps milk letdown which is important to encourage in mastitis cases
NSAIDs
Corticosteroids - controversial
fluid therapy -esp toxic mastitis
calcium 
dextrose
27
Q

Why do a culture?

A

You can never tell on basis of clinical presentation (remember you can use a PCR to determine specific pathogen)
AB sensitivity
Select your samples (recurrent, persistent, risein SCC)

28
Q

When should you freeze sample?

A

Always (in case of treatment failure)

29
Q

What are the different milk samples that can be taken? 3

A

Bulk tank sample
Pooled sample of one cow
Individual quarter sample

30
Q

How should you take a sample?

A 
Cleanse udder
Swab teat end
2 pre-strips
2ml in sterile container
Label name, cow number and quarter
USE GLOVES!!
31
Q

For what reasons does prevention vary?

A

Per bug and per farmer. Starts with records.

32
Q

How many samples on average return sterile?

A

40%

33
Q

How should you assess your performance?

A

on % of contamination (aim for <10%)

PMVPH (33 decks)

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