Test 2 Flashcards
What characteristics of pet food can affect plaque and calculus build up
Form (canned vs. dry)
Kibble size
Kibble texture
What is periodontal disease
Plaque induced disease of the peridontium that includes both gingivitis and periodontitis
Describe stage 1 periodontal disease
Dental plaque is the transparent film and bacteria cells and food particles that form on tooth surfaces. bad breath and reddening and inflammation of the gumline occurs even though teeth appear clean
What is stage 2 periodontal disease
Within 72 hours dental plaque can begin to calcify forming tartar. Increasing inflammation is evident along with swelling of the gum line
What is stage 3 periodontal disease
Left untreated, gingivitis may progress to an infection of the tissues with subsequent tooth loss, gum recession and bone loss
What is stage 4 periodontitis
Tartar is covered with newly formed plaque. Toxins and enzymes secreted by plaque bacteria cause further inflammation of the periodontal tissues along with some loss of tissue attachments and the beginning of bone loss
T/f: plaque is the first stage of periodontal disease
True
T/f: plaque is readily visible
False
T/f: plaque is composed of bacteria, cells and food particles
True
T/f: plaque cannot be removed by mechanical brushing
False
T/f: tartar is mineralized plaque
True
T/f: tartar prevention is the number one priority in preventing periodontal disease
False
T/f: periodontal disease has been linked to tissue change in canine kidneys, heart muscle and liver and oral bacteria may cause pneumonia if it’s aspirated into the lungs
True
Uroliths are least likely to form when urine is what for a particular urolith type
Undersaturated
What are the most common types of feline lower urinary tract disease
Idiopathic cystitis and urolithiasis
Dietary manipulation maybe used to dissolve which type of urolith in cats
Sterile struvite
T/f: Dietary magnesium restriction may increase the risk of calcium oxalate urolith formation
True
True or false: idiopathic cystitis often involves a bacterial infection
False
True or false: younger cats are more prone to get calcium oxalate crystals
False
True or false: purebred cat such as Burmese and Persian are more prone to get calcium oxalate crystals
True
True or false indoor cats are more prone to develop struvite crystals
True
What type of crystals are Dalmation dogs prone to
Urate
What may occur in pets with chronic renal failure
Anemia, weakened bones, uncontrolled blood pressure
Describe the typical change in water intake and urination When a pet has chronic renal failure
Polyuria and polydipsia
True or false: chronic renal failure patients consuming excessive dietary protein and inorganic ions will accumulate nitrogen containing wastes resulting in a life threatening the syndrome called uremia
True
What are the first clinical signs clients notice when their pet has chronic renal failure
Drinking more water, more frequent urination with greater volume
True or false: chronic renal failure is reversible even though it develops over months or years
False
It is recommended that the protein level in the diets of canine and feline patients with chronic renal failure be
Restricted
Dietary phosphorus should be what in dogs and cats with chronic renal failure to help preserve renal function
Restricted
It is recommended that the fat level in the diets of canine and feline patients with chronic renal failure be what
Increased
Dietary potassium should be what in dogs and cats with chronic renal failure to help preserve renal function
Increased
What is the nutrient of greatest concern in food allergy reactions
Protein
Dogs and cats with food allergies typically present with what clinical signs
Redness and constant licking
Which type of test is the most useful for diagnosing food allergy
Elimination diet
True or false: food allergy is an adverse immune mediated reaction to a specific food
True
Which nutritional factors promotes skin health
Omega-3 and omega six fatty acids, zinc, vitamin a and E, protein
As an alternative to a hypoallergenic diet containing hydrolyzed protein dogs with confirmed food allergies can be managed by feeding a diet that contains what
The novel protein to which the dog has not been previously exposed
And elimination diet may need to be fed exclusively for at least how many weeks as part of an elimination diet trial
8 to 16
Explain hypoallergenic diet
The diet uses a novel proteins source that the animal has not previously been exposed to. They do not have a reaction
Explain the Hydrolyzed diet
All of the allergens are removed from the proteins so there won’t be a reaction
Describe an important client recommendation when using one of these diets
Keep on it for three months
State two ways that obesity increases the incidence of osteoarthritis in the dog
Adds more weight on the joint. Increase in fat promotes inflammation of the joint
In what anatomical area do older cats get arthritis
The spine
State two nutraceuticals that are beneficial to cartilage
Glucosamine and condroitin
Which general type of nutrient when added to a dogs diet helps reduce production of inflammatory mediators such as PGE2
Omega-3 fatty acid
What is the main reason the senior animals require less daily calories
They’re resting metabolic rate is lower
Diets formulated for seniors will have a lower caloric density state two ways that these diets are formulated to reduce a caloric density
They contain less fat, less carbs, high biological value and highly digestible protein. Adds more fiber to dilute the calories
State to minerals that will be restricted in a diet formulated for seniors
Phosphorus and sodium
Which mineral is increased especially in cats
Vitamin K
When do large breed puppies reach adult size
18 to 24 months
What are advantages to slowing down the growth rate for large breeds
Reduces risk of osteochondrosis and canine hip dysplasia
What is the minimum protein to feed the puppy
22%
What is the ideal protein for a puppy
25 to 29% and high biological value and digestible
What should you limit for a puppy
Energy and calcium. Excessive energy during growth results in rapid growth rate. Excessive calcium during growth especially calcium to phosphorus ratio increases the risk of developing hip dysplasia.
And appropriate diet for large breed dog will have what
A lower energy density thus less fat content. The balance level of high-quality protein. 30% less calcium phosphorus than puppy food ratio of 1.2 to 1
Why will portion controlled feeding make house training easier for large breeds
Due to Gastro colic reflex. Having to defecate almost immediately after eating.
How often should large breed puppies be getting weighed
Every two weeks
How much exercise should large breed puppies be getting
Moderate exercise
What is Halitosis caused by
Microbial metabolism of protein containing substances create volatile sulfur compounds which smell
How do you remove plaque
Requires mechanical abrasion from chewing and teeth brushing to remove
How do you remove tartar or calculus
Requires professional dentistry
What is tartar or calculus
Mineralized plaque
What are neck lesions, cervical line lesions and feline odontoclastic resorptive lesions associated with
Chronic inflammation results in demineralization by odontoclasts
What is the goal of the dental diet
minimize plaque and calculus formation.
How do you minimize plaque and calculus formation
Daily teeth brushing, chlorhexidine rinses, dentistry diet
What happens if a dog chews it’s food slowly
Less calculus formation
Did cats chew their food ?
No
What do dental diets have that binds calcium and prevents plaque from becoming tartar
Phosphates
What do dental diets do to the texture of the kibble
Change it so that it will have more of a brushing effect and will remove plaque