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Paper 2 - GEOG - Migration > 2.A > Flashcards

2.A Flashcards

1
Q

economic globalisation leading to the emergence of new source areas and host destinations

A
  • intensification of globalisation = major bilateral corridors migration relationships strong and new ones
  • migration patterns that reflect the change in global economic trends: inter-regional and intra-regional migration
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2
Q

examples of inter-regional migration changing global economic trends

A
  • migration of highly skilled workers and highly educated: from china, India and Brazil to USA
  • migration of workers attracted by demand of labour, wages, remittances, accommodation, communications: from India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Egypt to oil-producing Gulf states and Saudi Arabia
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3
Q

examples of intraregional migration reflecting changing global economic trends

A
  • rapid increase of international migrant stock among ASEAN member states
  • increased migration streams within South America to the ‘southern cone’
  • regional integration eased immigration through free movement of labour
  • return migration
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4
Q

details of increased migration streams

A
  • southern cone = Argentina, Chile, Paraguay and Uruguay

- the main drivers are disparities in wages and labour opportunities

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5
Q

detail of increase of international migrant stock

A
  • main destinations: Singapore, Malaysia and Thailand
  • main sources: Myanmar, Loa and Cambodia
  • most migrants low-skilled, undocumented, seeking employment and higher wages via cyclical migration to countries of higher socio-economic development
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6
Q

detail of return migration

A
  • high proportion of migrant flows within the EU
  • includes young workers having achieved their preplanned economic goals after 2-3yrs
  • in host country = low skilled jobs
  • home country = prestigious positions
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7
Q

internal migrant flows

A
  • within EDCs driven by FDI which created agglomerations of economic activity near large urban centres
  • rural to urban migration reinforced and is a major element of the global migration system
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8
Q

high concentration of young workers

A
  • greater employment opportunities, higher wages and remittances
  • clear male dominance
  • largest age group: 25-39
  • construction is main job - 4% employed in health and 3% in education sector
  • low skilled
  • not educated further than primary level
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9
Q

high concentration of female migrants

A
  • 2013: 52% female migrants in developed countered and 46% in developing countries
  • Latin America, Caribbean, North America and Oceania = female international migration exceeded men
  • Africa and Asia = men exceeded female
  • last two decades = females greater independence, status, freedom and increasing importance as main income earners
  • 2013: 101 countries = female international migrant stock greater than male
  • tertiary educated women migrants in OECD’s increased by 80% = higher educated than males
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10
Q

international migrant stock

A
  • the number of people born in a country other than that in which they now live
  • includes refugees
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11
Q

why have south-south flows of migration became equal to south-north migration

A
  • restrictive administrative barriers for migrants from South - North = redirection to South country
  • fast-growing economies in the South offering employment opportunities and are increasingly accessible
  • increased awareness for opportunities = improved communications and developing social and business networks
  • preventative costs of moving to more distant richer countries
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12
Q

flows of south-south corridors

A
  • flows of migration from an LIDC - LIDC
  • explained by labour migration
  • 2/3rd migrant remittances between countries of the south 2013
    EX Bangladesh - India: flow of 3.3M migrants
  • explained by fleeing conflict: 2.3M migrants fled from Afghanistan to Pakistan
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13
Q

flows of south the north corridors

A

migration flows from an LIDC - EDC / AC

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14
Q

refugee

A

someone who has moved outside the country of his nationality or usual domicile because of genuine fear of persecution or death

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15
Q

conflict and persecution have increased numbers of refugees

A

causes

  • effect of conflict: personal safety, loss of homes, access to services, damage to other infrastructure including communications
  • political persecution, discrimination and violation of human rights
  • economic hardship: forced labour and modern slavery
  • impacts of natural hazards

effects

  • UNHCR - refugees increased globally by 4M 2012-2014
  • 2014 - 1.66M asylum seeking applications submitted
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16
Q

how has the conflict in Syria increased refugees

A
  • civil war 2011 led to international displacement of 8M people and 5M international refugees
  • most refugees migrated to: Turkey and Lebanon
  • influx of refugees = Lenanon gov issues requirement for entry visa, previously movement between border unrestricted
  • how far refugees went depended on their wealth
17
Q

changes in national immigration policies

A
  • designed to meet the economic, social and political needs of a country
  • ACs: UK, Australia and Canada used points based system to satisfy labour shortages in particular sectors
18
Q

changes in national emigration policies

A
  • developing world actively encourage emigration to assist development process through the financial benefits of migrant remittances, skills, ideas from returning migrants
19
Q

Pakistan position on emigration

A
  • pro-emigration government = 7M Pakistans working abroad, 96% working in the Gulf Cooperation Council countires
  • 2013 = remittances $11.5B
20
Q

Pakistan national emigration policy

A

aims to promote emigration and safeguard migrants following requirements:

  • Ratification of ILO and UN conventions regarding rights of workers and protection of basic human rights
  • promotion of the export of Pakistani manpower abroad
  • positive steps to encourage female participation in overseas employment
  • support for social networks and associations abroad - Pakistani Diaspora
  • establishment of training institutions to help Pakistani youth in prep for working abroad
21
Q

Gulf cooperation council countries

A 
Saudi Arabia 
UAE
Oman 
Baharin 
Qatar 
Kuwait
22
Q

Canada’s position economically

A
  • high-income country
  • total population was 35M
  • changes made to immigration policy to address skills gap in labour market
23
Q

Canada new immigration policy

A
  • aimed at countries long term requirement for engineers, IT specialists and health care workers
  • potential migrants ranked on an 1200-point system
  • enabling young, highly skilled immigrants to be fast-tracked
  • every effort id made to employ a Canadian citizen first
  • applicants in their 20’s receive max points for age
24
Q

bilateral migration

A
  • migrant flow between two countries
  • number of migrants, their composition and direction of flow is important
  • ## different scales: Mexico to USA VS Sudan to South Sudan
25
Q

bilateral migrant corridors include economic, social and political influences x8

A
  • costs of travel relating to proximity
  • access and communication between countries
  • efficiency and cost of sending remittances
  • employment opportunities, wage differences
  • diaspora
  • migration policy and policy on refugees
  • culture: language currency etc
26
Q

the lee migration model

A
  • consistent of pull and push factors as well as intervening obstacles
  • pull factors - things that make people immigrate: wages, employment, opportunities
  • push factors - reason why people emigrate: conflict, inequalities, lack of employment
  • intervening objects: pinch points of a journey = money or physical geography
27
Q

international migration

A

movement from one country to another

divided up into interregional and intraregional

28
Q

interregional migration on international scale

A

permanent movement from one country to another between continents

29
Q

intraregional migration on an international scale

A

permanent movement from one country to another within the same continent

30
Q

internal migration

A

travel within a country a short distance

can be divided into intraregional or interregional

31
Q

interregional migration on local scale

A
  • permanent movement from one region of a country to another region
32
Q

intraregional migration on a local scale

A

permanent movement within a single region of a country

33
Q

OEDC

A

Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development

37 countries: Austria, Australia, Belgium, Canada, Chile, Colombia etc

34
Q

Gulf cooperation council countries

A 
Saudi Arabia 
UAE
Oman 
Baharin 
Qatar 
Kuwait

Paper 2 - GEOG - Migration (4 decks)

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