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Digestive > 2A A&P of the stomach > Flashcards

2A A&P of the stomach Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four main regions of the stomach?

A

Cardia, fundus, body, and pylorus (CFBP - can’t find blood pressure)

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2
Q

What are the two sphincters of the stomach?

A

LES and pyloric

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3
Q

What hangs off the greater curvature of the stomach?

A

Greater omentum (visceral peritoneum)

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4
Q

What are the three layers of the muscularis mucosa?

A

Longitudinal (outer), circular(middle), oblique(innermost)

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5
Q

How does the muscularis layer in the stomach differ from most of the GI tract?

A

Has a third layer (innermost) of muscle fibers running oblique. Most of the GI tract only has two layers - longitudinal and circular

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6
Q

What is the most important protection of the gastric mucosa from gastric acids and enzymes?

A

A layer of alkaline mucus - gastric mucosal barrier

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7
Q

What role do prostaglandins play in the stomach?

A

Protect the stomach mucosa from injury by enhancing alkaline mucus production

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8
Q

What does the alkaline mucus contain a lot of?

A

Bicarbonate

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9
Q

What is the pH at the cell surface of stomach mucosa cells? Stomach pH?

A

Close to neutral.

pH of 2

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10
Q

How long to cells at the surface of the stomach live?

A

3-4 days

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11
Q

What kind of epithelium makes up the mucosal surface of the stomach?

A

Simple columnar epithelium

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12
Q

What is the stomach epithelium dotted with?

A

Millions of deep channels called gastric pits

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13
Q

what are gastric pits lined with?

A

Columns of specialized cells called gastric glands

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14
Q

Where do gastric glands reside?

A

Within the gastric pits

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15
Q

What cells line the gastric pits?

A

Surface lining cells, regenerative cells, mucous neck cells, Parietal cells, Chief cells, and Enteroendocrine cells

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16
Q

Which cells in the gastric pit produce the most alkaline mucus?

A

Mucous neck cells

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17
Q

What do parietal cells produce?

A

HCL and intrinsic factor

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18
Q

What cells secrete pepsinogen and gastric lipase?

A

Chief cells

19
Q

What do enteroendocrine cells secrete?

A

Gastrin (G cells) and histamine (ECL cells)

20
Q

What part of the stomach are parietal cells found in greatest number? Chief cells? G cells?

A

Upper, middle, lower - PCG

21
Q

What are the functions of the stomach?

A

Temporary storage, mechanical digestion, chemical digestion, and secretion of gastrin and histamine

22
Q

What is chyme?

A

A creamy, soupy paste created in the stomach from mechanical digestion of food

23
Q

What do gastric parietal cells produce from CO2 and water?

A

H2CO3, which dissociates into H+ and bicarbonate

24
Q

How does Cl- get into the parietal cell?

A

Via chloride shift when bicarbonate leaves the cell into the blood, there is the famous chloride shift that occurs!

25
Q

What is the cephalic phase?

A

Vagus nerve weakly stimulates gastric juice secretion when food is being chewed in the mouth, or with the sight, smell or thought of food.
Vagus nerves stimulates gastrin secretion, which stimulates secretion of gastric juice

26
Q

When does the gastric phase begin?

A

When food reaches the stomach

27
Q

What stimulates more gastrin secretion?

A

Distension of stomach and protein digestion products (amino acids) via positive feedback loop. Vagus nerve also continues to stimulate gastrin release and gastric motility

28
Q

What do elevated levels of gastrin stimulate?

A

The release of histamine, which in turn increases HCl secretion from parietal cells

29
Q

Are there enzymes in the stomach to digest carbs?

A

No, no chemical digestion of carbs happens in the stomach

30
Q

What activates pepsinogen into pepsin?

A

HCl

31
Q

What does pepsin do?

A

Breaks down peptide bonds of amino acid chains

32
Q

Can pepsin breakdown all peptide bonds?

A

No, only certain peptide bond

33
Q

What is the end result of what pepsin can do?

A

Partially digest proteins

34
Q

In what phase is pepsin very active?

A

Gastric phase

35
Q

Small amounts of chyme enter the duodenum and stimulate the secretion of what three hormones?

A

CCK, secretin, and GIP

36
Q

What do the CCK, secretin, and GIP enzymes do?

A

Inhibit gastric juice secretion

37
Q

What does GIP inhibit in addition to gastric juice secretion?

A

Gastric motility

38
Q

In what phase are the three ezymes - CCK, secretin, and GIP - produced in the duodenum?

A

Intestinal phase

39
Q

Why is the control of chyme leaving the stomach and entering the duodenum critical?

A

1) so duodenum does not become too full (w/ acid)

2) so small intestine can adequately process the incoming chyme

40
Q

What increases gastric motility?

A

Gastrin and vagus nerve activity

41
Q

During what phase does the pyloric sphincter relax?

A

Gastric phase

42
Q

What is the enterogastric reflex?

A

products of protein digestion and H+ in the duodenum inhibit vagus nerve activity (occurs during the intestinal phase)

43
Q

What can the stomach mechanically digest? Chemically digest?

A

All nutrients - carbs, proteins, and lipids.

Varies - quite a bit of protein, a little bit of lipids, and not much at all of carbs

Digestive (15 decks)

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