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Biology AS > 2A-Cell Structure and Division > Flashcards

2A-Cell Structure and Division Flashcards

1
Q

Prokaryotic cells

A

Single celled organisms virus

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2
Q

Eukaryotic cells

A

Multi celled organisms animal plant algal and fungi

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3
Q

Plant cells extra organelles

A

1- cell wall- made of cellulose with plasmodesmata 2- vacuole 3-chloroplasts

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4
Q

Algal cell difference from plants

A

1- can be unicellular or multicellular 2- different shaped/sized chloroplast

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5
Q

Fugal cells difference

A

1- cells walls made of chitin instead of cellulose 2-no chloroplasts as don’t photosynthesis eg mushrooms

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6
Q

Cell surface membrane description

A

Made of lipids and proteins

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7
Q

Cell surface membrane function

A

1-Regulates movements of substances that enter or leave the cell 2- receptor molecules allow response to chemicals like hormones

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8
Q

Nucleus description

A

1- surrounded by nuclear envelope with nuclear pores. 2-chromatin and chromosomes 3-nucleolus

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9
Q

Nucleus function

A

1-Controls transcription and instructions to make DNA. 2- nucleolus makes ribosomes 3-pores lets mRNA leave

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10
Q

Mitochondria description

A

1-double membrane inner folded to form cristae 2-matrix contains enzymes involved in respiration

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11
Q

Function of mitochondria

A

1- aerobic respiration. 2-found in large numbers of very active cells

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12
Q

Chloroplast description

A

1-Double membrane 2-thylakoid membranes stacked up in chloroplast to form grana linked by lamellae

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13
Q

Chloroplast function

A

Photosynthesis occurs 1-light dependent occurs in thylakoid membrane. 2- light independent occurs in stroma

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14
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

1-Processes and packages new lipids and proteins 2-makes lysosomes

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15
Q

Golgi vesicle

A

Stores lipids and proteins made by Golgi apparatus and transports them out of the cell

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16
Q

Lysosomes

A

1- Golgi vessel that contains lysozymes- to digest foreign cells and worn out cells

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17
Q

Ribosome structure

A

Made of proteins and RNA and floats free or attached to RER

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18
Q

Ribosome function

A

Site where proteins are made

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19
Q

RER structure

A

Covered with ribosomes

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20
Q

RER function

A

Folds and processed proteins made at ribosomes

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21
Q

SER function

A

Synthesises and processes lipids

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22
Q

Cell wall structure

A

Plants and algae - made of cellulose. Fungi- chitin

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23
Q

Cell wall function

A

Supports cells and prevents them from changing shape

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24
Q

Cell vacuole function

A

1- maintain cell pressure and keep rigid 2- tonoplast membrane- isolates unwanted chemicals in cell

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25
Q

Adaptions of sperm cells

A

1- lots of mitochondria - provide ATP so energy to move toward the egg.

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26
Q

Adaptions of epithelial cells

A

1- microvilli increase surface area. 2-lots of mitochondria provide energy for active transport 3-thin membrane short pathway

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27
Q

Red blood cells adaptations

A

No nucleus increase area for o2 to bind Flat larger surface area

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28
Q

Components of prokaryotic cell

A

1- cytoplasm 2-cell surface membrane 3- cell wall 4- ribosomes 5-capsule of slime 6-plasmids 7- free floating DNA 8- flagellum

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29
Q

Flagellum function

A

Rotates to make prokaryotic cell move

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30
Q

Free floating DNA in prokaryotes

A

Circular DNA in one strand super coiled and contains no histones

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31
Q

Plasmids

A

Loops of DNA contain genes and passed between prokaryotes

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32
Q

Capsule of secreted slime

A

Protect from immune system response

33
Q

Cell wall of prokaryotic cell

A

Made of glycoproteins murein

34
Q

Prokaryotic cell replication

A

Binary fission

35
Q

Binary fission process

A

1-circular DNA/ plasmid replicate - DNA once plasmids multi 2- cell gets bigger and loops move to opposite poles 3-cytoplasm divides. 4- 2 daughter cells with one copy of DNA but variable plasmid numbers

36
Q

Difference of prokaryotic to eukaryotic

A

1-cytoplasm has no membrane bound organelles 2-smaller ribosomes 3- free floating DNA instead nucleus and no associated proteins. 4-murein glycoprotein cell wall 5- 1 or more plasmids. 6-capsule of slime. 7-flagella

37
Q

Structure of virus

A

1- core of genetic material DNA or RNA. 2- capsid coat protein 3-attachment proteins

38
Q

Viral replication

A

1- virus attached to receptor protein of host cell 2-genetic material released into host cell 3-genetic material and proteins replicated by host cell machinery 4-viral components assemble. 5-replicated virus released from host cell

39
Q

Magnification calculation

A

Magnification = size of image / size of real object

40
Q

Magnification def

A

How much bigger an image is than the specimen itself

41
Q

Resolution

A

How well a microscope can distinguish between 2 points that are close together

42
Q

Microscope can’t distinguish between objects that are smaller than

A

It’s max resolution

43
Q

Optical microscope

A

Light to form images

44
Q

Advantages of using light microscope

A

1- can be used on living organisms as no vacuum 2-Cheap to buy and operate. 3-small and portable. 4-natural colour of specimen shown. 5-simple preparation using temporary mount specimen suspended in drop. 6- specimens unaffected by magnetic field

45
Q

Disadvantages of optical microscopes

A

1- preparation may distort specimen 2- small magnification of x1500. 3-small resolution can’t show lysosomes ER or ribosomes as smaller than wavelength of light

46
Q

Transition electron microscope

A
  • electromagnets focus beam of electrons which is transmitted through specimen. -denser parts absorb more electrons so appear darker
47
Q

Scanning electron microscopes

A

-scan beam of electrons across specimen - knocks of electrons from specimen that gather at cathode ray tube forming image

48
Q

Advantages of TEMS

A

Give high resolution images so show small objects

49
Q

Disadvantages of TEMS

A

Only used on thin specimens -only used on non living specimens.

50
Q

Advantages of SEMs.

A
  • used on thick specimens -3D images
51
Q

Disadvantages of SEMs

A

-give lower resolution images than TEMs. - only non living specimens as vacuum

52
Q

Preparation of temporary mount

A

1-drop of liquid to slide 2- place thin 1 cell thick specimen on drop. 3-add drop of stain to highlight cell. 4- cover with glass slip without getting air bubbles

53
Q

Microscope artefact

A

Parts seen through microscope that aren’t part of the specimen you are observing

54
Q

How to distinguish artefacts from specimen

A

Prepare specimen is different ways

55
Q

Cell fractionation

A

1- homogenisation. 2-filtration. 3-ultracentrifugation

56
Q

Homogenisation

A

-Vibrating cells or grinding them up in a blender to release organelles into a solution

57
Q

Conditions of solution in cell fractionation

A

1- ice cold- reduce enzyme activity that breakdown organelles. 2-isotonic - prevent organelle damage via osmosis. 3-buffer solution- maintain optimum pH

58
Q

Filtration in cell fractionation

A

Filtered though gauze to remove large cell and tissue debris like connective tissue

59
Q

Ultracentrifugation

A

1-Tube of liquid spun in centrifuge at low speed 2-heaviest organelles form thick sediment at bottom pellet. 3-supernatant drained and centrifuge spun at higher speeds 4- repeated at higher speeds and smallest organelles gather at pellet at smaller speeds

60
Q

Order of organelles size

A

Naughty clever monkeys like eating red raspberries. Nuclei, chloroplasts, mitochondria, lysosomes, ER, ribosomes

61
Q

Supernatant

A

Organelles suspended in the isotonic ice cold, optimum pH solution in centrifuge

62
Q

Cell cycle stages

A

1-Mitosis2-gp1 3-synthesis 4-gp2

63
Q

Gap phase 1

A

1- cell grows. 2 - new proteins and organelles made.

64
Q

Synthesis

A
  • cell replicates DNA for mitosis division
65
Q

Gap phase 2

A

1-cell grows. 2-proteins needed for cell division made

66
Q

Interphase steps

A

Gap phase 1 , synthesis , gap phase 2

67
Q

Mitosis

A

Part of cell cycle -eukaryotic cell divides producing genetically identical daughter cells with DNA from parent cell that’s identical

68
Q

Interphase

A

1- DNA unraveled and replicated doubling genetic content. 2- Organelles replicated. 3-ATP content increased- energy for cell division

69
Q

Prophase

A

1- chromosomes condense 2-centrioles move to opposite ends of the pole forming spindle fibre network. 3- Nuclear envelope breaks down

70
Q

Metaphase

A

Chromosomes line up along the equator and attach to spindle fibre via centromeres

71
Q

Anaphase

A

1-centromeres divide separating each pair of sister chromatids. 2- spindles contract pulling sister chromatids to opposite ends of the pole centromere first

72
Q

Telophase

A

1- chromatids reach opposite ends of the poles 2-uncoil becoming chromosomes 3- nuclear envelope forms around each chromosomes group 4- cytokinesis occurs 5- 2 genetically identical daughter cells 6- daughter cells begin interphase

73
Q

During interphase the cell still carries out

A

Normal functions

74
Q

Binary fission in prokaryotic cells invoked

A

Replication of circular DNA and plasmids and division of cytoplasm to form 2 daughter cells with 1 copy of circular DNA and variable copies of plasmids

75
Q

Mitosis index

A

Number of cells with visible chromosomes/ total number of cells observed

76
Q

High mitotic index could mean

A

1- growing cells- root tips. 2-tissue repairs occurring. 3- cancerous growth

77
Q

How does chemotherapy affect Gap phase 1

A

1- Prevent synthesis of enzymes need for DNA replication 2-cell can’t enter synthesis phase so disrupts cycle causing cell to kill itself

78
Q

How does radiation affect s phase

A

Damage DNA so DNA not replicated and cell kills itself

Biology AS (11 decks)

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