2B

Question 1

nucleic acids

Answer 1

organic biomolecules madeof repeating nucleotides that that store and transmit genetic information, thereby providing instructions protein sythensis.

Question 2

2 types of nucleic acids

Answer 2

DNA(deoxyribose nucleic acid)

RNA(ribonucleic acid)

Question 3

What are nucleotides made of up

Answer 3

phsophate group(PO4^3-)

Answer 4

5’ carbon attached is phosphate

3’ end connects the pentose sugar to the phosphate group of the other nucleotide.

1’ carbon is the nitrogenous base

Question 5

where is dna found and how is it packaegedDNA

Answer 5

found in the nucleus of eukaryyotes, in humans DNA is packaged into 46 chromsoems each contiang thousands of genes

Question 6

genes function

Answer 6

segmentof dnacarry instructions for the production of proteins

Question 7

DNA

Answer 7

doublestraanded nucleicac acid and contains the coded instructiosn needed for an organism to develop, reproduce and survive.

Question 8

Structure of DNA

Answer 8

Two strands of mutiple nucleotides which run antiparelle(5’ to 3’ in one direction and 3’ to 5’ in the other)

double helix is formed when hydrogen bonds form between the complemenaty nitrogneous bases

Question 9

3 based are read together and called in DNA

Answer 9

a triplet

Question 10

RNA

Answer 10

single stranded nucleic acid contaiin a ribose sugarand functions to transfer genetic information

Question 11

3 types of RNA

Answer 11

mRNA
tRNA
rRNA

Question 12

mRNA-messengerRNA

Answer 12

mRNA is a long strand of RNA that copies a strand of the DNA and brings it to the ribosomes from the nucleus for translation.

Question 13

in RNA what is a codon

Answer 13

3 bases are read togehter this is known as a codon

Question 14

tRNA-transferRNA

Answer 14

tRNA contains an anticodon and delivers a specific amino acid to ribosomes during translation to fomr a polypeptide chian

Question 15

What is tRNA made up of

Answer 15

tRNA is made up of 3 nucleotides known as an anticodon

Question 16

rRNA-ribosomalRNA

Answer 16

serves as the main strcutural componet of ribosomes within the cell and has a role in recogisning mRNA

Question 17

How does rRNA make a ribosome, answer as both a 1 mark question and as a mutile mark question

Answer 17

rRNA folds into small subunits

Question 18

Compare DNA and RNA

Answer 18

1.DNA is double stranded and long whilst RNA is single stranded and short.

2.DNA contains deoxyribose sugar, whereas RNA contains ribose sugar, therefore RNA contains one extra oxygen than DNA

3.The nucleotide bases of DNA are adenine, thymine, cytosine and guanine, whilst the bases of RNA are adenine, uracil, cytosine and guanine.

4.The function of DNA is to store genetic information for the long term, whilst the function of RNA is to to transfer genetic information.

5. 3 nucletoides in DNA is knwon as a triplet, whilst 3 nucloetides in RNA is known as a codon

Question 19

Hydrogen bonds are weak, how are they broken

Answer 19

hydrogen bonds are broken with little heat or the enzyme, polymerase

Question 20

why and how does polymerase break hydrogen bodns

Answer 20

hydrogen bonds are weak, therefore polyermase is easily able to brken the hydrogen bonds by releasing energy from the phopshidiester bond formation

Question 21

3 nucloeitides in DNA is known as

Answer 21

a triplet

Question 22

monomers of nucleic acids

Answer 22

nucleotides

Question 23

carbon 1 is attached… carbon 5

Answer 23

carbon 1 is what attaches the 5 carbon sugar to the nitrogenous base

Carbon 5 is what attaches the 5 carbon pentose sugar to the phosphate group.

Question 24

bond that joins nucleotides together

Answer 24

phosphodiester bond

Question 25

RNA full form

Answer 25

ribonucleic acid

Question 26

PYRIMIDINES

Answer 26

made of one carbon ring, thymine and cysotinor uracil and cytoisne

Question 27

Purines

Answer 27

made of 2 carbon rings- adenine and guainine

Question 28

what does tRNA, mRNA and rRna stand for

Answer 28

tRNA

Question 29

double helix

Answer 29

structure ofdnaconsists of two strands of DNA twisted around one another and connected in the center by hydrogen bonding

Question 30

what does it mean when DNA runs in an antiparallel direction

Answer 30

antiparelle means that one strand of the DNA is running from a 3’ to 5’ end direction and the other strand of the DNA is running from a 5’ to 3’ end direction.

Question 31

2) ONE STRAND RUNS IN A 3’ TO 5’ DIRECTION AND THE OTHER STRANDS RUN IN A 5’ TO 3’ DIRECTION. WHAT IS THIS CALLED

Answer 31

DNA that runs in an antiparelle direction

Question 32

complementary base pairing

Answer 32

adenine binds with thymine and cytosine binds with guanine in DNA.A

Question 33

phosophdister bond vs hydrogen bond

Answer 33

phosphodiester bond is the bond between the nucleotides s, whilst hydrogen bond is the bond between the complemenatry nitrogneous bases.

Question 34

different between DNA and chromomes

Answer 34

DNA is the genetic infomraiton itself, chromosomes packaged version of DNA, seen in threadlike strands.

Question 35

histones

Answer 35

proteins in which the DNA wraps itself around to package DNA into structural units called nucleosomes

Question 36

similarites between RNA nad DNA

Answer 36

both formed of monomers known as nucleotides.

Question 37

define gene

Answer 37

segment of DNAthat contains the genetic information to make proteins

Question 38

ribosomes

Answer 38

site of protein sythensis

Question 39

promotor region

Answer 39

thebeginning of sequence of DNA(TATA box) to which RNA polymerase binds to

Question 40

operator region

Answer 40

where the repressor protein binds whihc prevnts the RNA poylermase from moving down the DNA sequenceand transcribing the structural gene.

Question 41

an additional form of transcriptional regulation

Answer 41

attentuation

Question 42

A section of DNA before the trp structural genes (trpE, trpD, trpC, trpB and trpA) is called

Answer 42

leader region

Question 43

bio chemical pathway of trp