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Chapter 2- nucleic acids and proteins > 2D > Flashcards

2D Flashcards

1
Q

Gene expression

A

the process by which the information stored in a gene is used to synthesises a functional product(such as a protein or RNA)

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2
Q

Stages involved in gene expression

A
  1. transcription
    2.RNA processing
    3.Translation
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3
Q

Transcription

A

involves the copying of DNA into an mRNA strand

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4
Q

Stages of transcription

A
  1. initiation
    2.elongation
  2. Termination
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5
Q

Inititation of transcription

A

Transcriptuon factors binds to the promtor region to initiate transcription

RNA polymerase binds to the promotor regions which signals to the weak hydrogen bonds between the DNA to break. resulting in the bases of the DNA strand to be exposed

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6
Q

Elongation of transcription

A

RNA polyermase moves along the template strand of the DNA in a 3’ to 5’ direction,

AS it moves along template strand, the complementary RNA nucloeitdies to produce a preMRNA molecule.

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7
Q

Termination of transcription

A

RNA polymerasereaches the termnation sequence so signas the termnation of transcirption

This signals the pre mRNA
molecule to be released for
processing

DNA molecule winds up and
hydrogen bonds reform between the DNA
the strands

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8
Q

transcription factors

A

proteins that turn specific genes on or off by binding to nearby DNA.

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9
Q

Transcription ends when

A

RNA polyermase reaches the termination sequence

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10
Q

RNA polyermase catalyses transcription through

A

the joining of complementary RNA nucleotides

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11
Q

premRNA is complementary to

A

the DNA template strand

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12
Q

in pre mRNA, adeninien binds with

A

uracil not thymine

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13
Q

to produce RNA, DNA has

A

DNA has to unwind

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14
Q

How does the processing of premRNA into mRNA occur(RNA processing/post transicrption modificaton

A
  1. remove introns which are non coding regions
  2. splicing exons, which are coding regions
  3. adding a methyl cap to the 5’ end of the mRNA molecule, this allows the mRNA molecule to bind to ribosomes during translation
  4. Add a poly A tail to the 3’ end of the mRNA molecule
  5. mature mRNA molecule exits the nucleus to the ribosomes for translation.
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15
Q

Alternative splicing

A

involves splicing of a pre mRNA in differnet ways to result in a differnt protein produced

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16
Q

Translation

A

involves the reading of mRNA molecule to of a polypeptide chain of amino acids in the ribosomes

17
Q

3 stages of translation

A
  1. Inititation
    2.elongation
    3.termination
18
Q

Initiation of translation

A

the 5’ end of the mRNA molecule attaches to the ribosome.

the start codon(AUG) is read, than a tRNA molecule with a complementary anticodon(UAC) binds to the ribosomes to deliver the amino acid methionine

19
Q

Elongation in translation

A

the next codon in read, and the complementary tRNA molecule delievers a specific amino acid to the ribosome

This amino acid will bind to the adjacent amino acid to form a peptide bond

This process continues and a growing polypeptide chain on amino acids is produced.

20
Q

Termination in translation

A

Once the stop codon is read,, this signals to the end of translation

There is no tRNA molecule that corresponds with the STOP codon

Instead a release factor binds to release a polypeptide chain of amino acids for modification

21
Q

template strand vs non template strand

A

the strand thatRNA polyermase uses to produce mRNA

strand that has the exact same sequence to the RNA.

22
Q

where does transcription occur from

A

transcription occurs from the 5’ to 3’ end of the non template strand(top strand).

23
Q

post transcription modification

A

process which covnerst the prerna molecule into an mRNA molecule is known as

24
Q

pre RNA molecule is made up of

A

non coding regions-introns
coding regions-extrons

25
Q

how is prerna protected

A

3’ end of the pre rna strand contians a methylated cap, whilst the 5’ end contains a poly A tail.

26
Q

why is pre rna contain a methylated cap nad poly A tail

A

decreased chance of creating faulty proteins like mutations.

27
Q

anticodon vs codon vs triplet

A

ANTICODON: 3 ADJACENT NUCLEOTIDES IN TRNA THAT IS COMPLEMENTARY TO A CODON

CODON: 3 adjacent nucleotides in mRNA

TRIPLET: sequence of 3 nucleotides in DNA that codes for an amino acid

28
Q

properties of the genetic codeh

A
  1. universal-know whyfor why
  2. degenerate/redundant
29
Q

what is the advantage of the genetic code being degenerate/redundant

A

it is advaentogeu for a geneitc code to be degenerate or redundant because this decreases the chance of mutations because Having multiple ways to code for the same amino acid helps prevent mistakes in protein building when DNA mutates.

30
Q

why is the non template strand known as the coding strand.

A

The non-template strand in DNA is called the coding strand because its sequence matches that of the messenger RNA (mRNA) that’s made during the process of transcription. So, it’s like a code that directly represents the instructions for making proteins.

31
Q

why is the non coding strand known as a template strand

A

because its being used as an outline of instructions to create the rna,

32
Q

the instructiosn to get the proteins is from

A

the non template strand

33
Q

know whichstrand is the template strand and non coding strand/codingand non coidng strand

A
34
Q

how do exons produce mature rna

A

exons are removed and spliced together to produce mature RNA.

35
Q

why are introns removedin immature rna

A

intros as non coding regions, introns are removed because their not required for protein sythensis

36
Q

without the poly A tail and mehtyalated cap

A

their is a higher chance of thefaultyproteins being produced as there is a higher chance of premRNA to be degraded.

37
Q

what is the shape of the tRNA

A

cloverleaf structure

38
Q

when trna leave amino acid vs when its n0t leavign the amino acid

A

it is known as a chargede amino acid,

it is known as uncharged amino acid

39
Q

Describe the role of anticodons in translation

A

tRNA anticodons are complemetnaryt to mRNA codons. Therefore, the anticodon attaches to the mRNA codon, which allows the correspodning amino acid to be carried by the tRNA to form a growing polypeptide chain

Chapter 2- nucleic acids and proteins (6 decks)

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